• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.465-471
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• 1999

The concentration of air pollution in a large city such as Pusan has been increased every years due to the increase on fuel consumption at factories and by vehicles as well as the gravitation of the population. In this study, we have analyzed $NO_2$ concentration data and various data of meteorological factors during 1994-1997 to investigate the characteristics of $NO_2$ concentration and how the high $NO_2$ concentration is generated under the meterological condition. According to the study, $NO_2$ peak concentration at most sites occured about 1h later after the rush hour. In the characteristics of emissions in sites, sinpyeong-dong was highly contributed to point source while the other sites were highly contributed to line source. The high $NO_2$ concentration had high generation probability when temperature contained typical seasonal characteristics and wind speed was low. Using the relationship between meteorological factors and the daily average $NO_2$ concentration, correlation analysis was practiced. the seasonal variation of the daily average $NO_2$ concentration was correlated with air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed, but the correlation coefficient between meteorological factors and the daily average $NO_2$ concentration was not so much high. Thus we have known that the daily average $NO_2$ concentration is partially explained by meteorological factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.304-307
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• 1997

Rectal temperature (Tr), skin surface temperatures (Ts), and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously from birth (day 1) till day 7, while resting heat production (HP) was measured in a chamber on days 1, 3, 5 and 7, in order to study the characteristic variation of Tr in newborn calves by heat balance methods. Despite constant levels of milk being given to the newborn calves each day, daily mean resting HP was lowest on the day of birth, then increased to peak on day 3 and then decreased slightly thereafter. Daily mean HR was higher on days 2, 3 and 4, than on other days. Tr exhibited diurnal rhythms and daily mean Tr was low on day 1, high on day 3, and then decreased slightly after day 3. Daily average mean skin temperature (mTs) was similar on all days. Mean body temperature (Tb) exhibited diurnal rhythms and had a similar range between days, suggesting that heat balance and thermoregulation were carried out effectively on each day. The variation of Tb appeared to be synchronized with that of HP and suggested that newborn calves might use variations in the levels of Tb to facilitate the body's required levels of heart loss.

• 대기
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2019

Since 1985, the Dobson Spectrophotometer has been operated at Yonsei University, and this instrument has monitored the daily representative total ozone in Seoul. Climatological value for total ozone in Seoul is updated by using the daily representative observation data from 1985 to 2017. After updating the daily representative total ozone data, seasonal and inter-annual variation of total ozone in Seoul is also estimated after calculating inter-comparison between ground (Dobson Spectrophotometer) and satellite [Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)] observations. The global average of total ozone measured by satellite is 297 DU, and its recent amount is about 3.5% lower than the global amount in 1980s. In Seoul, daily representative total ozone is ranged from 225 DU to 518 DU with longterm mean value of 324.3 DU. In addition, monthly mean total ozone is estimated from 290 DU (October) to 362 DU (March), and yearly average of total ozone have been continuously increased since 1985. For the long-term trend of total ozone in Seoul, this study is considered the seasonal variation, Solar Cycle, and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. In addition to the natural oscillation effect, this study also considered to the long-term variation of sudden increase of total ozone due to the secondary ozone peak. By considering these natural effects, the long-term total ozone trends from 1985 to 2017 are estimated to be 1.11~1.46%/decade.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.152-161
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• 2006

Objective : The relationship between the total daily dose of clozapine given and the plasma concentrations of clozapine and its metabolites(N-desmethylclozapine and clozapine N-oxide) and the effect of Glu158Lys (wild-type : Glu, 'H' ; variant : Lys, 'h') and Glu308Gly(wild-type : Glu, 'D' ; variant : Lys, 'd') variation in FMO3 gene on plasma concentrations of clozapine and its metabolites was studied in schizophrenic patients. Methods : Trough plasma concentrations of clozapine and its metabolites were measured in 34 schizophrenic patients receiving clozapine. The genetic variation of 'h' and 'd' in FMO3 were analyzed in 21 among 34 patients. Results : A linear relationship between the total daily dose of clozapine given(mg/kg body weight per day) and the plasma concentrations(nM) of clozapine was revealed by regression analysis(p<0.001) in the 23 patients receiving a constant daily dose of clozapine for 8 days. The plasma molar concentration ratios of clozapine N-oxide/clozapine in 8 subjects with 'hh' or 'Hh' alleles were not different from those in 6 subjects with 'HH' alleles and the plasma molar concentration ratios in 6 subjects with 'dd' or 'Dd' alleles were not different from those in 8 subjects with 'DD' alleles. Conclusion : The effect of Glu158Lys and Glu308Gly variation in FMO3 gene on clozapine metabolism could not be shown.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.68-76
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• 1988

The variation of rumination response in steers fed a same amount of orcharograss hay was investigated. With three steers (6, 12, 24 months) of the Japanese Black Breed, rumination behaviour was measured continuously during a 5 days period by masseter EMG telemetry system. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The average daily ruminatio time of respective animals were 438,447 and 433 min. with small daily variation both within and among animal. But the rumination time per DM kg of hay consumed varied from 66 to 138 min., and calf spent longer than older calf. 2. Actural chewing time showed small variation, and percentage of actural chewing time spent in rumination time was from 88 to 93% on individual average. 3. The daily number of chewing in rumination was approximately 25,000 to 30,000 with large individual differences. The chews per DM kg intake varied from 3,800 to 9,600, and calf chewed more than older calf. 4. The average rate of chewing per 100 sec. (chewing speed), there was a large difference between animals I.e. 104, 114, 131 respectively, but very little variance between days in individual. 5. No relation between day to day variations in eating time and rumination behavior, but significantly positive correlation was observed in the relation among rumination time, chewing time, No. of boluses and No. of chews. 6. Active time of day in rumination altered considerably day to day, but variation in the amount of rumination per day as expressed by the rumination time was relatively small.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the seasonal variation of death from intentional self-harm by hanging, strangulation and suffocation (HSS: Korean Standard Classification of Diseases-6 code: X70) using the 2011 death registry data. Methods: The analysis was based on data of 8,359 HSS deaths from 2011 national vital statistics in Korea. Daily, weekly, and monthly death pattern on HSS were used to examine the relationship seasonal variation and HSS deaths. Results: A total of 8,359 HSS deaths occurred in 2011, with a mean age of 50.6 years. The HSS death rate (per 100,000) was 25.5 in male and 10.8 in female. In one day 17.6 males and 8.0 females occurred HSS death on average. The number of HSS death per day was the highest on 8th June (45 deaths), and lowest on 1st February (7 deaths) during the period. The variations of daily HSS death showed wide fluctuation from a peak of 34 to 45 deaths (29th May to 9th June) to a trough of 17-26 deaths (10th-13th September: the Korean thank-giving consecutive holidays), 13-20 deaths (2nd-5th February: the new year's day by the lunar calendar) and 8-9 deaths (24th-25th December: Christmas holidays). There were no significant difference between gender and seasonal variation (month, season, and week). Conclusion: The mean number of HSS death per day was highest in June (30.6 deaths), and months with the lowest number of deaths was January and December (range, 19.4 to 19.6 deaths). HSS death were more prevalent during summer and spring and were less likely to occur during winter. On Saturdays (21.0 deaths), the number of HSS death per day was the lowest, and Monday (27.9 deaths) was the highest. HSS death was less likely to occur on holidays (21.4 deaths). There was significant seasonal variation in HSS death by weekly and monthly (p<0.01).

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.163-173
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• 2020

Objectives: The study was evaluated exposure variation and daily absorption level of cadmium, lead concentration of ambient air of monthly data from 1999 to 2017 for main exposure factor in outdoor workers. Methods: Based on the monthly data from 'The annual report of air quality in Korea from 1999 to 2018' in 'Air Korea' website in the Korean Ministry of Environment. The monthly data of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, cadmium, lead concentration of ambient air were recalculated to average, minimum, and maximum. And these data were combined to Asian-dust exposure data from 'The annual report of Asian-dust·smog in 2017' of National Institute of Meteorological Sciences in Korea. Results: Geometric mean(minimum-maximum) concentration in ambient air of monthly data were 0.0017 (ND-0.2015) mg/㎥ in cadmium and 0.0467(ND-0.8554) mg/㎥ in Pb from 1999 to 2017. Both of Cd and Pb concentration in ambient air showed the highest concentration in January and the lowest in August among annual variation from 1999 to 2017. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 level showed the highest in March(PM₁₀) and February (PM_2.5) the lowest in August both of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Discussion: Based on exposure data and prior reports, daily Cd absorption was estimated to 0.013(ND-1.511) mg/day from respiration and 1.89 mg/day from daily food(25.2 mg/day of daily Cd intake). In case of Pb, daily absorption was estimated to 0.350(ND-6.416) mg/day from respiration and 1.38-1.71 mg/day from daily food intake. Conclusion: Cd and Pb with Asian-dust have high influential factor to increase the Cd and Pb exposure at Winter and Spring season in outdoor workers.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2015

본 연구는 관측일수에 따른 교통량의 신뢰성을 검증하고자 한다. 목포항의 1년간 선박자동식별장치(AIS) 자료를 사용하여 월별, 요일별, 시간별 변화지수를 비교한 후, 각 관측일수에 따른 최대표준오차를 산출하였다. 월별변화지수를 비교한 결과 9월달 1.11, 2월달 0.84로 나타나 9월달이 2월달 교통량 보다 약 32.1 % 많은 것으로 나타났다. 요일변화지수는 화요일 1.05, 일요일 0.92로 나타나 화요일이 일요일 교통량보다 약 14.1 % 많았다. 해상교통조사는 요일변화지수를 고려하여 최소 1주일 이상 실시하면 최대표준오차를 21 % 이내로 산출할 수 있다. 따라서 해상교통조사 관측시기에 따라 각 변화지수를 적용하여 교통량의 흐름을 반영한 연구가 뒷받침 되어야 하겠다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.859-880
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• 2016

This study aims to establish an effective methodology for the detection of instant damages occurred in cable-stayed bridges with the measurements of cable vibration and structural temperatures. A transfer coefficient for the daily temperature variation and another for the long-term temperature variation are firstly determined to eliminate the environmental temperature effects from the cable force variation. Several thresholds corresponding to different levels of exceedance probability are then obtained to decide four upper criteria and four lower criteria for damage detection. With these criteria, the monitoring data for three stay cables of Ai-Lan Bridge are analyzed and compared to verify the proposed damage detection methodology. The simulated results to consider various damage scenarios unambiguously indicate that the damages with cable force changes larger than ${\pm}1%$ can be confidently detected. As for the required time to detect damage, it is found that the cases with ${\pm}2%$ of cable force change can be discovered in no more than 6 hours and those with ${\pm}1.5%$ of cable force change can be identified in at most 9 hours. This methodology is also investigated for more lightly monitored cases where only the air temperature measurement is available. Under such circumstances, the damages with cable force changes larger than ${\pm}1.5%$ can be detected within 12 hours. Even though not exhaustively reflecting the environmental temperature effects on the cable force variation, both the effective temperature and the air temperature can be considered as valid indices to eliminate these effects at high and low monitoring costs.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.228-234
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• 2011

The goal of water quality management on stream and watershed is to focus not on discharged loads management but on a water quality management. Discharged loads management is not goal of water quality management but way for perform with total maximum daily loads management. It is necessary to estimate the relation between non-point source with stromwater runoff (NPSSR) and water quality to select a watershed where it is required to manage NPSSR for water quality improvement. To evaluate the effects of NPSSR on stream's water quality, we compare the aspects of water quality in dry and wet seasons using flow duration curve analysis based on flow rate variation data by actual surveying. In this study we attempt to quantify the variation characteristic of water quality and estimate the Inflow characteristic of pollution source with water quality and flow rate monitoring on 10 watersheds. We try to estimate water quality and flow rate by regression analysis and try again regression analysis with each high and low water quality data more than estimations. An analysis of relation between water quality and flow rate of 10 watersheds shows that the water quality of the Nonsan and the Ganggyeong streams had been polluted by NPSSR pollutants. Other eight streams were important point source more than NPSSR. It is wide variation range of $BOD_5$ also high average concentration of $BOD_5$. We have to quantify water quality variation by cv1 in wet season and cv365 in dry season with comparing the estimate of high water quality and low water quality. This method can be used to indicator for water quality variation according to flow rate.