• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2010

Mowing is an important practice in golf course management. Mowing interval and height can affect net photosynthesis of turfgrass and finally shoot density, tillering, rooting and regrowth of turfgrass. The objectives of this study were to investigate the regrowth rate of zoysiagrass shoot under different mowing height for determination of proper mowing frequency. Recommended mowing interval were calculated by a rule that no more than 33% of the above ground height be removed in a single mowing. Daily shoot growth of zoysiagrass at 10 mm mowing height were 2.1~4.7 mm (July), 1.9~2.9 mm (August), 0.9~1.5 mm (September), and 0.6 mm (October). These results indicate that recommended mowing interval were 1.1~2.3 day for July, 1.7~2.4 day for August, 3.5~5.4 day for September, and 8.5 day for October, respectively. Daily shoot growth of zoysiagrass at 15 to 17 mm mowing height were 4.0~5.3 mm (July), 2.9~4.5 mm (August), 1.4~3.7 mm (September), and 1.3 mm (October). These results indicate that recommended mowing interval were 1.4~1.9 day for July, 1.7~2.5 day for August, 2.3~6.3 day for September, and 6.8 day for October, respectively. Daily shoot growth of zoysiagrass at 18 to 21 mm mowing height were 3.5~4.7 mm (July), 2.9~4.9 mm (August), and 1.5~1.8 mm (September). These results indicate that recommended mowing interval were 1.9~2.6 day for July, 1.8~3.1 day for August, and 5.9~7.0 day for September, respectively. Daily shoot growth of zoysiagrass at 50 mm mowing height were 4.6~4.9 mm (July), 5.0~6.5 mm (August), and 2.5~4.7 mm (September). These results indicate that recommended mowing interval were 5.1~5.4 day for July, 3.9~5.0 day for August, and 5.3~9.8 day for September, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.397-403
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• 2017

Background: This study was aimed at evaluating the growth, yield, and carbohydrate content in the whole Allium hookeri plant with shading treatment in hot summer. Methods and Results: Different shading rate, including 0 (control), 35 or 55%, was employed from the June $21^{st}$ to August $31^{st}$. Daily average air and soil temperature, which were approximately $2.5^{\circ}C$ and $3.8^{\circ}C$ lower, respectively, were observed with both 35% and 55% treatments in July and August, with no significant difference in daily maximum air temperature. Dry weights were high, approximately 40% and 48% for the shoot and 20% and 12% for the root, with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively, 8 weeks after shading. Division number was increased by 13% and 19.8% with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. The mortality rates of 150 plants were 9.1%, 4.0%, and 1.3% with the 0 (control), 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. At 4 weeks after shading, the highest and lowest sucrose levels in both shoot and root were observed with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. At 8 weeks after shading, there was no significant difference in the sucrose content in the shoot among the treatments. Conclusions: The highest plant growth rate and yield with the 55% treatment may be related with the decrease in both air and soil temperatures, resulting in reducted leaf respiration and thus compensate net photosynthesis.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.349-355
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• 2015

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) is relatively sensitive to temperature and light conditions. For year round production of good quality potted plants and energy saving, it is necessary to understand the growth and flowering response to the combined conditions of these environmental factors. This study was conducted to examine the growth and flowering responses to temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity during the post-seedling stage. 'El Paso Deep Blue' lisianthus plants with four true leaf pairs were grown in growth chambers maintained at average daily temperatures (ADT) of 14, 20, and $26^{\circ}C$ and provided with three photosynthetic photon fluxes [PPF; 100, 200, and $400{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$] for 8 (08:00-16:00) and 16 hours (08:00-24:00) by fluorescent and incandescent lamps, resulting in four daily light integrals (DLI): about 3, 6 (two photoperiods), 12 (two photoperiods), and $24mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$. After treatment for three weeks followed by growth for one week in a greenhouse of $20{\pm}3^{\circ}C$, growth and development were measured. Higher temperature, higher PPF, and longer photoperiod promoted plant growth and flowering; however the impacts of PPF and photoperiod were smaller than those of temperature. As ADT and DLI increased, the number of leaves, number of flowers, lateral shoot length, and shoot dry weight increased. An increase of about $1mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ DLI could constitute an increase of 0.40 to $0.76^{\circ}C$ ADT depending on these crop characteristics when ADT and DLI are above $20^{\circ}C$ and $12mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, growers can select a regimen of heating or supplemental lighting without delaying harvesting time or decreasing crop quality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.48-51
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• 1962

1. The analysis of the shoot height growth of Phyllostachys edulis A. et C. Rivi$\acute{e}$re which stand is growing at the middle part of South Korea is presented in the present paper. The shoot height was carefully measured twice a day, 10 am and 4 pm. With this, six hours from 10 am to 4 pm is regarded as day-time-length and 18 hours of the rest as night-length. 2. The measurement were made in 1954. The very young shoots were classed into three diameter groups basing at the ground surface level to see the the afterwards influences of shoot size on height growth. 3. The hourly mean height growth in day time was higher than that in night time. The standard deviations and coefficients of variations of the daily growth of the shoot are presented in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. 4. The hourly mean height growth of the shoot by diameter groups and by day and night period are presented in Fig. 4 and 5 respectively. 5. The growth percentages of the shoot by diameter groups and by day and night is graphed in Fig. 6.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

Investigation was carried out on response of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. and Thonn.) to soil, water and light with the view of its domestication and introduction to different ecological regions. The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment of $3{\times}3{\times}3$ in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The factors were: soil textural class (Loamy sand, Sand and Sandy clay loam), watering regime (daily, twice a week and once a week) and light intensity (100%, 75% and 50%). Soil textural classes had significant influence on collar diameter, stem height, number of leaflets, root/shoot ratio and relative growth rate of Tetrapleura seedlings. Seedlings grown on loamy sand recorded the highest mean value- 2.28 mm for collar diameter, stem height- 12.9 cm, number of leaflets- 19.9, chlorophyll b- $0.34mg\;mL^{-1}$, leaf relative water content- 27.4% and relative growth rate- $0.037mg\;g^{-1}\;day^{-1}$. Watering regime had significant influence on the collar diameter of Tetrapleura. Seedlings watered daily recorded the highest mean value- 2.25 mm for collar diameter. Light intensity significantly influenced collar diameter and root/shoot ratio. Seedlings exposed to 100% light intensity recorded higher mean value for collar diameter- 2.28 mm and root/shoot ratio- 1.481 cm. The interaction between soil textural class and light intensity significantly affected collar diameter, stem height and number of leaflets. Higher mean value for collar diameter (2.47 mm) stem height (13.25 cm) and number of leaflets (21.16) were recorded while the interaction between soil textural class, light intensity and watering regime was significant for only number of leaflets. Tetrapleura exhibited some level of tolerance to different soil texture, drought and light intensity. Therefore, Tetrapleura has the potentials to be raised in different ecological zones characterized by difference in soil, rainfall and amount of sunshine.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-68
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• 2005

Growth and development of a plant over a growing season is closely related to the daily accumulation of heat. Heat unit measured by accumulated growing degree days (GDD) is becoming increasingly popular to estimate the growth of a plant or even in insect. GDD or heat accumulation per day is measured by calculating average daily temperature and then subtracting the base temperature below which growth does not occur. Heat accumulation per day is added for the desired period and accumulated GDD is determined. The present study was conducted in five seasons in an established garden with K-2, S-36 and V-1 mulberry varieties belonging to Morus indica L. grown under completely irrigated condition at the farm of CSRTI, Mysore during 2001 - 2002. Plants were pruned in each season and the growth of the plant measured by total shoot length and fresh leaf yield was recorded at an interval of 5 days starting from 30 days of pruning (DAP) to 70 days when all the plants were pruned. The accumulated GDD for the corresponding days were recorded and used for analysis. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) have been found to be perfectly correlated with both growth and yield in all the seasons in all the varieties studied. The high $R^2$ values indicated a strong relationship between the accumulated GDD and, growth and yield of mulberry.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation (amount, interval) on tree growth, fruit quality, and cracking of organic 'Campbell Early' grapevine in 2012 and 2013. Three irrigation treatments were applied using a sprinkler system from mid-June to mid-August in 2012 and 2013, as follows: 10 mm was applied daily (10 mm-IR), 20 mm was applied every two days (20 mm-IR), and 30 mm was applied every five days (30 mm-IR). Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature were found to be greatest in the 10 mm-IR treatment in both years. Soil moisture content ranged between 20-40% in the 10 mm-IR, between 20-60% in the 20 mm-IR, and between 20-70% in the 30 mm-IR treatment plots. The total number of leaves per shoot and shoot growth were found to be greatest in the 20 mm-IR and 30 mm-IR treatments, respectively. Cluster and berry weights, and cluster and berry sizes were not consistently affected by the treatments. The 10 mm-IR treatment resulted in an increase in fruit SSC, SSC/acidity ratio, and berry skin pigmentation ($b^*$; blue). Approximately 5% of fruit cracking was observed on average over both years in the 10 mm-IR-treated fruit, while the 30 mm-IR treatment resulted in nearly 18% of cracking in 2012. Average marketable fruit yield per year over two years was greatest for the 10 mm-IR treatment ($24.4t{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) followed by the 30 mm-IR treatment ($22.7t{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) and lastly the 20 mm-IR treatment ($22.2t{\cdot}ha^{-1}$). Thus, the 10 mm-IR treatment represents a suitable irrigation regimen for controlling leaf and shoot growth of vines grown under a rain-shelter system in sandy loam soils, while improving fruit sugar contents and skin color and limiting fruit cracking.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2022

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Environment, the amount of food waste generated in Korea is 15,903 tons, which accounts for about 30% of the daily household waste. Food waste in Korea is on the rise, and various odors, greenhouse gases, and leachate generated in the process of discharging, transporting, and processing are emerging as social problems. Accordingly, there is a need for a method for recycling food waste. Therefore, this study was carried out to establish an appropriate limiting dose by manufacturing fertilizer mixed with food waste powder and treating it on tomatoes to investigate the growth and yield of crops. The experiment was carried out with continuous cultivation in 2021 (1st year) and 2022 (2nd year), and the treatment groups were set to No Treatment (NT), Chemical Fertilizer (CF), Mixed Fertilizer (MF), and Mixed Fertilizer×2 (MF×2). As a result of the 1st year growth survey, shoot and root length did not show a significant difference between the treatment groups, and the fresh weight showed a significant difference between the MF and MF×2. As a result of the 2nd year growth survey, there was no significant difference in shoot length, root length, and dry weight between the treatment groups, and the fresh weight of the CF was significantly greater than that of the MF×2. The yield of 1st year, MF×2 increased significantly compared to other treatment groups. In the case of 2nd year, CF, and MF×2 show significantly high values compared to NT. Judging from these results, continuous cultivation using food waste powder mixed fertilizer did not have a significant effect on crop growth and yield. However, it is considered that several studies including continuous cultivation experiments are needed to accurately set the appropriate application amount and limit the application amount of the mixed fertilizer for food waste.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 1986

There are differences in recommendations in the USA as to whether nitrogen fertilizer should be applied when establishing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). The reason for not applying nitrogen is because some researchers found the addition of nitrogen reduced nodulation of alfalfa plants. A replicated experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions at the University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA, to determine the effects of nitrogen application on seedling growth and nodulation of alfalfa when grown in a cool environment. A sterile sand was used in the growing media to which a complete nutrient solution minus nitrogen was applied volumetrically to each pot daily. Half of the pots received $NH_4NO_3$, at the rate of 11.2 kg/ha, at seeding and two and four weeks after planting, giving a total nitrogen application rate of 33.6 kg/ha. Rhizobia inoculant (R-12) consisted of a mixture of strains 171-15a. 1682c and 80 PI 265 of Rhizobium meliloti. Inoculant was applied to the seeds prior to planting and to the sand media at two and four weeks after seeding. Twenty seeds were planted in pots 14.0 cm in diameter and 11.5 cm deep. Seedlings were thinned after emergence to ten plants per pot. They were grown in a controlled environment chamber with a 16-hour light period. Soil temperatures at 6 cm depth ranged from $5.7^{\circ}C\;to\;21.5^{\circ}C$ and had a daily mean of $16.2^{\circ}C$ Plants were harvested at weekly intervals for seven weeks at which time root, shoot and total length, dry weight, volume and number of nodules per plant were determined. Root, shoot and total length were not affected by nitrogen fertilizer. However, application of nitrogen increased the size of the seedlings as determined by dry weight and volume when compared to plants which were not fertilized. This indicates that rhizobia did not fix enough atmospheric nitrogen to promote good growth. Nitrogen application resulted in significantly more nodules per plant. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer became more apparent as the plant became older. Results of this experiment show there are benefits from applying nitrogen at a low rate when establishing alfalfa under a cool environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1388-1393
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to examine the feasibility of utilising bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) shoot shell (BSS) in ruminants. Chemical composition, rumen degradability and some antinutritional compounds were determined for fresh and boiled BSSs to evaluate its feed value and safety. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were allocated to four groups and used to investigate the response in growth rate to supplementing ammoniated rice straw with fresh shell (phase 1) or silage of boiled BSS (phase 2). All animals were offered ammoniated straw ad libitum with 1kg of cotton seed meal (phase 1) or 0.5 kg of cotton seed meal and 0.5 kg of concentrate mixture (phase 2) per head per day. The BSS was supplemented at levels of 0, 3, 6 or 9 kg/d (phase 1) and 0, 5, 10 or 15 kg/d (phase 2) (as fed basis). The BSS was very high in moisture content, and its contents of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were 13~16% DM and 65~76% DM, respectively; boiling resulting in higher moisture and protein. No hydrocyanic acid was detected in both BSSs and content of tannins was negligible. Rumen degradability of BSS was reasonably high, and with boiling the rapidly degradable fraction decreased, and potentially degradable component increased. Silage of the boiled BSS was slightly lower in both rapidly and slowly degraded fractions than the fresh BSS. Animals consumed all supplemented BSSs without any adverse health problems. Intake of ammoniated straw decreased with the increasing levels of BSS, but total intake was higher in almost all supplementary groups than in the non-BSS. Heifers had a higher growth rate in phase 1 with fresh BSS than in phase 2 with ensiled shell, and daily weight gains were 622, 629, 744 or 690 g in phase 1, and 578, 575, 677 or 635 g in phase 2 at four BSS levels, respectively. For both phases growth rate was significantly higher for the animals in groups 3 and 4 than those in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.01), with little difference between groups 1 and 2 (p>0.05) but significant difference between groups 3 and 4 (p<0.05). Supplementation with BSS also resulted in an improved feed conversion rate, with the least concentrate consumption in group 3 for both phases. It is concluded that the BSS has a high potential nutritional value as indicated by its medium protein content, reasonably high rumen degradability, and that inclusion of BSS in ammoniated rice straw diet is not only safe to animals, but also may improve growth rate of ruminants and feed conversion rate. It may be disadvantageous to use high amounts of BSS in ammoniated straw diets.