• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.375-382
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the nutrient intake status according to coffee intake among Korean female college students. Two-hundred subjects were asked for their daily coffee intake using a questionnaire. Daily intakes of nutrients and food groups were calculated 3-day food records. The mean height and weight of the subjects were 161.6cm and 51.2kg. The mean daily intake of coffee and milk were 0.5 and 0.6 cups, respectively. When nutrient intake was compared to RDA for Koreans, intakes of energy, iron, vitamin A were short of recommendations. The mean intakes of calcium, sodium, vitamin B$_2$ in BMI＜20 group were significantly higher than those in BMI $\geq$20 group. The mean intakes of calcium and phosphorous in no-coffee group were significantly higher than those in $\geq$2 cup-coffee group. The mean intake of beverage and others significantly increased as the level of coffee intake was increased. However, intake of milk and its product decreased. There were significantly negative correlation between coffee and calcium intake, and positive correlation between milk and calcium intake. These results indicate that coffee consumption decreases calcium intake because of decrement of milk and its products. Therefore, it could be suggested that there is increased need for nutritional education on proper eating patterns for female college students.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

It has been suggested that isoflavones protect the cardiovascular system, in part by attenuating blood pressure. The purpose of the present research was to compare the isoflavone intake and blood lipids between hypertensive and normotensive and to examine dietary management for prevention of hypertension. Anthropometrical measurements, blood pressures, nutrients and isoflavone intakes using the 24-hour recall method, and serum lipids of 81 hypertensives and 77 normotensives were estimated. The average age, height, weight, and BMI were 58.2 years, l58.5 cm, 64.3 kg, and $25.6kg/m^2$ for the hypertensive and 58.0 years, 159.4 cm, 63.0 kg, and $24.8kg/m^2$ for the normotensive, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the hypertensive were significantly higher than those of the normotensive (p<0.001, p<0.001). The daily food intake of the hypertensive was significantly lower than that of the normotensive (p<0.01). The daily energy intakes of hypertensive and normotesive were 1479.8 kcal and 1590.9 kcal and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Carbohydrate intake of the hypertensive was significantly higher than that of the normotensive (p<0.05). However, daily intakes of plant protein, fiber, ash, calcium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin $B_1$ of the hypertensive were significantly lower than those of the normotensive (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). The daily intakes of daidzein, genistein, isoflavone of the hypertensive were significantly lower than those of the normotensive (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). However, isoflavone intakes per 1000 kcal showed no significant difference between the two groups. Serum lipids of the hypertensive and normotensive were l89.6 mg/dL and l87.2 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 157.3 mg/dL and 161.9 mg/dL for triglyceride, 42.9 mg/dL and 43.5 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol, 115.2 mg/dL and 111.4 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 and 3.4 for atherogenic index. In the total subjects, there was a significantly negative correlation between systolic blood pressure and genistein intake (p<0.05). Based on these results, we concluded that the daily intakes of food, energy, and isoflavones of hypertensives were lower than normotensives. Therefore, it should be emphasized that proper dietary management considering these dietary factors for prevention of hypertension.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.95-113
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• 2021

본 연구는 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 고등학생(만 15~18세, 2,377명)의 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 식품군 및 영양소 섭취 실태를 파악하고자 실시하였다. 연도별 음료 섭취량의 변화 추이, 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사의 대상자를 통합하여 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 식품군 및 영양소 섭취량, 영양소 섭취 적정도 및 영양불량의 차이를 다중회귀분석이나 𝛘²-test로 검증하였다. 가공 과정에 당류를 넣는 탄산음료(콜라, 사이다, 기타 탄산음료 포함), 스포츠음료, 카페인음료(커피, 에너지 음료, 홍차, 코코아류)를 합하여 가당음료(sugar-sweetened beverage, SSB)로 분류하였다. 24시간 회상법으로 1일간 실시한 1일 가당음료 섭취량에 따라 대상자를 가당음료 1군(SSB 1, 가당음료 섭취량 0 g/d), 가당음료 2군(SSB 2, 0 g/d < 가당음료 섭취량 < 50 백분위수), 가당음료 3군(SSB 3, 가당음료 섭취량 ≥ 50 백분위수)으로 구분하였다. 연구 결과, 연도에 따라 1일 가당음료 섭취량은 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0280) 모두 증가하는 추세이었으며, 2007년에 비해 2015년의 증가 정도는 남자 3.3배, 여자 2.1배로 남자가 여자보다 컸다. 음료 종류별로는 탄산음료 섭취량이 가장 많았으며 2007년에 비해 2015년에 남자 2.7배(p<0.0001), 여자 1.6배로 크게 증가하였다. 식품군별 1일 섭취량에서 채소류 섭취량은 남자와 여자 모두 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군 중 가당음료 3군이 유의적으로 가장 적었으며(p<0.0001), 우유 및 그제품 섭취량은 남자(p<0.0001)에서는 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 유의적으로 감소하였으나 여자에서는 가당음료 3군이 다른 군에 비해 적은 경향이었다. 1일 영양소 섭취량의 섭취기준에 대한 비율은 남녀의 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 식이섬유가 전체 영양소 중 가장 낮아 21.3±1.1~25.3±1.8% 밖에 되지 않았으며, 칼슘이 49.6±2.5~59.8±3.2%로 두번째로 낮았다. 에너지는 남녀 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였으며(p<0.0001), 비타민 C는 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0382) 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 낮아졌다. 칼슘은 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0008) 모두 가당음료 3군이 다른 군보다 낮았다. 에너지/지방과잉섭취자 비율은 남녀에서 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였으며(p=0.0002), 나트륨 목표섭취량 이상 섭취자 비율은 남자에서 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였다(p=0.0429). 칼슘부족섭취자 비율은 남녀에서 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 차이가 없었으나 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 85% 이상으로 나타나 매우 높았다. 따라서 고등학생에서 가당음료 섭취가 높아질수록 식품군의 고른 섭취와 영양균형이 결여되는 경향이어서 식품 섭취 다양성 및 영양균형을 위해 가당음료 섭취를 줄이도록 관련 식생활교육과 사회적 지원을 강화하는 것이 필요하다고 하겠다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.500-512
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• 2010

The relationship between food and nutrient intake, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and body weight was investigated with high school girls residing in Seoul. As subjects, 159 girls were divided into a normal weight (NW) group (18.5 kg/$m^2$ $\leq$ BMI < 23 kg/$m^2$, n = 110) and an overweight (OW) group (BMI $\geq$ 23kg/$m^2$, n = 49) by body mass index (BMI). The food and nutrient intake data obtained by the 3-day food record were analyzed by Can pro 3.0 software. Anthropometric measurements were collected from each subject. Daily dietary GI (DGI) and dietary GL (DGL) were calculated from the 3-day food record. Body weights and BMI of NW were 52.4 kg and 20.4 kg/$m^2$ and those of OW were 65.2 kg and 25.4 kg/$m^2$, respectively. Total food, animal food, and other food intakes of NW were higher than those of OW, and vegetable food intakes of NW were lower than those of OW. Sugars intake of NW was significantly higher than OW. Nutrient intakes were not different between the two groups. Dietary fiber, calcium, and folate intakes of NW and OW were under 65% of the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Major food sources of energy intake for both groups were rice, pizza, ice cream, pork, instant noodle, and chicken. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was higher in NW (0.82) than in OW (0.80). Mean daily DGI of NW and OW was 66.5 and 66.4, respectively. Mean daily DGL of NW and OW was higher in NW (162.0) than in OW (155.9). DGI and DGL adjusted to energy intake were not significantly correlated with anthropometric data.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.406-412
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze average kimchi intake, general characteristics, frequency of daily meal intake, intakes of vegetables and fruits, and nutrient intakes in four serving size groups based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2012. The results showed an average amount of kimchi intake in subjects of 115.6 g, ranging from 0 g to 605.94 g. For daily meal intake except snacking according to kimchi serving size, all daily meal intakes increased significantly with increasing kimchi serving size (p<0.0001), and tendency of kimchi intake increased with more eating-out. As kimchi serving size increased, total intakes of vegetables and salted vegetables increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, unsalted vegetables intake did not show significant difference. Intake of fruits also increased with increasing kimchi serving size. As the serving size of kimchi increased, intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sodium, and potassium increased significantly (p<0.0001). For intake of sodium, intakes of all groups exceeded 2,000 mg, which is the recommended level for Koreans. Moreover, the fourth serving size group consumed three times (6,546.35 mg) more sodium than the recommended level.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2009

This study was investigated nutrient intakes and dietary evaluation index of the healthy subjects over 85 of Sunchang County to explore the improved dietary pattern for healthy aging of the elderly. The survey was conducted by personal interview to 161 elderly subjects (59 males and 102 females over 85) in 2006, and their daily dietary intake was assessed by 24-hr recalls and weighing one meal. The daily energy intakes of males were 1,335 ${\pm}$ 67 kcal, and those of females were 1,095 ${\pm}$ 38 kcal comprised of 66.8% and 68.4% of the EER for the age group of 75. The proportions of energy from carbohydrate : protein : lipid were 70.7 : 14.6 : 14.6 for males and 68.6 : 14.0 : 17.4 for females. The average protein intakes were 95.4% for males and 85.0% for females of RI, and the average calcium intakes were 54.3% for males and 43.6% for females of RI. The daily vitamin intakes were below 70% except vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$, and vitamin E. The proportion of the relative risk groups of protein, phosphate, iron and vitamin A ranged 40-49% of RI over 75 year groups. The other nutrient intakes showed that there were over 50% risk groups. Especially for nutrients such as calcium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, folate and niacin over 70% of the subjects were under risk. The median value of all nutrient intakes did not reach AI. The INQ of nutrients were over 0.8 except for folate and vitamin C. Calcium intakes were relatively low and needed attention. However, the ratio of calcium and phosphate showed 1 : 1.6, which appeared to be superior to the other districts. The DVS were higher as the dietary balance scores, KDDS were higher, and the groups with high KDDS had high intakes of nutrients compared to the groups with low KDDS. The high risk groups as judged by simple nutrition screening test had lower nutrient intakes than the groups of middle risk or low risk groups. The subjects in Sunchang area had relatively low intakes of several nutrients. However, judging from the desirable patterns of the energy proportion from three major nutrients, ratio of calcium and phosphate and INQ of nutrients there is a possibility that extended healthy aging might be related to the quality of nutrients and relative ratio between nutrients. To improve nutrient status of the elderly of the surveyed area further application involving KDDS and DVS appeared to be required.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.762-767
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• 2010

식품 중 사용빈도가 높은 BHT, BHA, TBHQ에 대한 식이 안전성을 평가하고자, 식이를 통한 섭취량 추정 방법과 공급량 자료를 통한 섭취량 추정 방법을 적용하여 한국인의 BHT, BHA, TBHQ 일일추정 섭취량을 평가하였다. 식이를 통한 섭취량 추정을 위해 산화방지제 별로 BHT 131품목(빵 및 떡류, 과자류, 츄잉껌, 식용유지, 식사대용 곡류가공품, 견과류가공품), BHA 134품목(빵 및 떡류, 과자류, 츄잉껌, 견과류가공품, 마가린), TBHQ 104 품목(빵 및 떡류, 과자류, 츄잉껌, 어패류가공품)을 HPLCUVD 시스템을 이용하여 분석한 후 국민건강·영양조사의 식이섭취량자료를 이용하여 BHT, BHA, TBHQ의 일일추정 섭취량을 산출하였다. 공급량 자료를 이용한 섭취량 추정을 위해 식품 공급량과 첨가물 최대 허용량을 근거로 BHT, BHA, TBHQ의 일일추정 섭취량을 산출하였다. 이 결과를 JECFA의 ADI와 비교하여 안전성을 평가하였다. 식이를 통한 섭취량 추정 결과 BHT의 평균 일일추정 섭취량은 0.8 ${\mu}g$/kg body weight/day, BHA의 평균 일일추정 섭취량은 0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg body weight/day, TBHQ의 평균 일일추정 섭취량은 0.3 ${\mu}g$/kg body weight/day로 나타났고, 이는 각각 ADI 대비 0.2, 0.1, 0.04% 이었다. 상위섭취자($90^{th}$ percentile)의 BHT 평균 섭취량은 2.2 ${\mu}g$/kg body weight/day, BHA의 평균 일일추정 섭취량은 1.6 ${\mu}g$/kg body weight/day, TBHQ의 평균 일일추정 섭취량은 0.6 ${\mu}g$/kg body weight/day로 나타났고, 이는 각각 ADI 대비 0.7, 0.3, 0.1% 로 나타나, 한국인의 BHT, BHA, TBHQ 섭취량은 평균섭취자와 상위섭취자 모두에게서 안전한 수준임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 공급량 자료를 이용한 섭취량 추정 결과 BHT, BHA, TBHQ 섭취량은 각각 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day(ADI 대비 97%), 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day(ADI 대비 60%), 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day(ADI 대비 40%)로 나타나, 역시 안전한 수준인 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 식이를 통한 섭취량 추정결과와 공급량 자료를 이용한 섭취량 추정 결과 간에 200-480배의 섭취량 차이를 보여, 식품첨가물 섭취량은 그 추정 방법에 따라 많은 차이가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.18-23
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• 2019

Objectives: Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults. Methods: This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with self-selected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium. Results: Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p<0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p<0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p<0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference. Conclusions: One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.325-337
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• 1993

Korean breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants(n=31) were studied at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months to compare their intakes of energy, protein, lipid and lactose. Formulas had more energy, protein and lipid than breast milk, but the former had less lactose than the latter. The milk consumption of the FF infants was, however, greater than that of the BF infants with wide individual variation. As a result, the FF infants took in more energy, protein and lipid than the BF infants except lactose. The total daily caloric intakes(kcal/day) of the BF infants were 521.418 and 425 at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months respectively, and those of the FF infants were 676.752 and 723(at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months respectively). Daily protein intakes(g/days) of the BF infants were 9.5, 8.0 and 7.6 at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months respectively, and those of the FF infants were 13.9, 15.5 and 14.8(at their age of 1, 2 and 3 months respectively). The energy and protein of both the BF and the FF infants were deficient compared to the present Recommended Nutrient Allowances, and the deficiency of the BF infants was greater than that of the FF infants. But the energy intakes per kg of body weight of the FF infants at their age of 1 and 2 months were more than the present recommended energy allowances. And the protein intake per kg of body weight of the FF infant at the age of 1 month was the same as the present recommended protein allowances.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.631-642
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• 2007

This study was an investigation of obesity, food habits and daily nutrient intakes of the 4th grade elementary school students in daejeon. A total of 148 children(male:71, female:77) participated in the study. We classified the subjects into normal group and obese group according to the grade of obesity indices by body fat ratio(BFR), 70% of the male and 31% of the female were obese group. The average height, weight were $140.1{\pm}4.9cm$, $33.0{\pm}3.6kg$(obese group), $141.9{\pm}5.7cm$, $42.0{\pm}3.6kg$(normal group) for the male, $141.2{\pm}6.4cm$, $42.4{\pm}6.2kg$(obese group), $139.5{\pm}6.4cm$, $33.0{\pm}4.5kg$(normal group) for the female. Weight showed a noticeable increase in the obese group, but height was not statistically significant. In dietary habits, it wasn't statistically significant but male obese group showed statistically increase in terms of eating fast(p>0.05) and eating snacks before sleeping(p>0.01) and female obese group was higher in frequency of eating out a month than normal group. Energy intakes of obese group was more than normal group and the average intakes of Vit. A, folic acid, Ca, were below the RI. The average intakes of vit A, vit C, folic acid, Ca, were also below the RI in normal group. The average intakes of vit A, folic acid, Ca, Fe were below the RI in female. Especially in female the intake of Ca was only 53.6%(obese group), 56.4%(normal group) of RI. From these results, we knew prevalence of obesity in elementary school students were high and obese groups were high in energy intakes but low in essential nutrients. Therefore we have to try to prevent and treat childhood obesity. So nutrition education of balanced diet and good dietary habits is needed for elementary school students.