• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1285-1291
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• 1999

A feeding trial was carried out over 238 days to determine the effect of compensatory growth in crossbred calves having 166 kg body weight. Fifteen crossbred calves were divided into two groups of five calves (G1 group) and ten calves (G2 group) as per randomized block design. Growth study was conducted on the feeding of wheat straw based diet containing 60 and 30 percent concentrate supplying equal amount of protein in group G1 and G2 respectively for 119 days (phase - I). At the end of phase-I, calves of G2 group were subdivided in to two groups (G3 and G4). One sub group (G4) received 60% concentrate in their diet (during 120 to 238 days of experiment) while other subgroup G3 received 30% concentrate in their diet (phase-II). The calves of G1 group continued to receive the same diet as during phase-I experiment. Mean DM intake was significantly higher in calves fed high level of concentrate (in G1 and G4 groups), which resulted in significantly higher digestibility of all nutrients except NDF. Nitrogen balance was positive in all the groups and showed significant differences in phase-II (higher nitrogen retention in G4 group than G1 group). ME intake was significantly affected by the level of dietary concentrate, being higher in high concentrate fed group (G1 and G4 than G2 and G3 group). Higher daily body weight gain in the calves of G4 group during phase-II than in G1 and G3 groups was due to compensatory growth on shifting animals from low concentrate to high concentrate based ration. Average daily body weight gain was higher in phase-I than in the phase-II. Protein and energy intake per unit body weight gain were significantly lower in calves fed high concentrate diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.1300-1306
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• 2002

Fourteen non-descript zebu cattle calves of about 1 year and 6 months age and 111 kg average body weight were used in this experiment. Grazing (5 h daily) animals were supplemented with urea-molasses blocks with and without Yucca, while the control group was without any supplementation i.e. grazing only. The feeding trial continued for a period of 70 days (November to February). At the end of trial three animals per treatment were slaughtered to compare carcass traits. Group no. 1 was fed block with yucca, group no. 2 was fed block without yucca and group no. 3 was on grazing only. Block intake was found to be 724 g/h/d and 1,239 g/h/d for group no. 1 and group no. 2, respectively (p<0.05). Feed efficiency of blocks was found to be 2.71 kg and 4.86 kg for group no. 1 and group no. 2, respectively (p<0.05). Block intake per kg $BW^{0.75}$ was found to be 14.75 and 26.05 gram for group 1 and group 2, respectively (p<0.05). Average daily body weight gain was found to be 267 g/h/d, 255 g/h/d and 169 g/h/d for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Carcass traits among the three treatments were found to be statistically similar. Thus urea-molasses blocks supplementation improved body weight gain and addition of yucca in the blocks further improved body weight gain, feed efficiency and economics. Environment (ambient temperature, rainfall, wind and humidity) had no significant effect on three treatments.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 1999

Effects of Astragali Radix extract (AG) on the cell mediated-and nonlpecific immunotoxic responses of zinc chloride (Zn) were studied usign ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice/group), and Zn was given to the mice 1 hr after i.p. injection with 0.5g/kg of AG by i.p. injection daily for 10 days at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Immune responses on the responses on the relative weight of thymus, delayed-type hypersensitivity to SRBC (DTH), phagocytic activity and circulating leukocytes were evaluated. Zn treatment decreased body weight gain, the relative weight of thymus, DTH and circulating leukocytes compared with those in controls. AG treatment increased DTH, phagocytic activity and circulating leukocytes compared with those in controls. Combination of AG and Zn increased DTH and circulating leukocytes compared with those in controls, but decreased body weight gain and the relative weight of thymus. These findings indicated that AG decreased immunotoxicity of Zn on the DTH and circulating leukocytes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.665-671
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• 2003

A factorial experiment was conducted to assess nutrient utilization by growing lambs maintained on three levels each of digestible energy (high: HE, medium: ME, low: LE) and protein (high: HP, medium: MP, low: LP) in nine combinations (HEHP, HEMP, HELP, MEHP, MEMP, MELP, LEHP, LEMP, LELP). The experiment was conducted during the hot season in a semiarid location. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was similar in all the groups in terms of unit body weight or metabolic body size. Digestibility of DM and nitrogen free extract increased (p<0.01) from low to medium and high energy regimen while the CF digestibility followed a reverse trend. The digestibility of crude protein (CP) decreased from high to medium and low protein regimens while it was similar in terms of energy variation. Nitrogen intake was higher in high followed by medium and low protein regime while fecal and urinary nitrogen loss were similar in all the treatment groups. Lambs in all the three levels of protein were in positive N balance and percent N retention was higher (p<0.01) in high followed by medium and low protein levels whereas it was similar in terms of energy variation. Initial body weight was similar in all the groups while final weight, total gain in the experiment and average daily gain (ADG) were higher in high than medium and low energy regimens. It is concluded that crossbred lambs required 75.1 g DM, 9.6 g CP, 6.3 g DCP and 711 KJ DE/kg W $^{0.75}$or 11.0 g CP/MJ DE or 7.2 g DCP/MJ DE for 93 g average daily gain in a hot semiarid environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1452-1458
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of sex and market weight on performance, carcass characteristics and pork quality. A total of 224 crossbred pigs (initially 26.64 kg BW) were allotted in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. The variables were sex (gilts and barrows) and different market weights (100, 110, 120 and 130 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were significantly higher (p<0.01) in barrows than gilts, ADFI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased as body weight increased (p<0.05). Gender differences were observed in carcass characteristics. Backfat thickness and drip loss were greater in barrows (p<0.01), while loin eye area (p<0.01), flavor score (p<0.05) and lean content (p<0.001) were higher in gilts. Carcass grade and water holding capacity were the highest in 110 kg market weight pigs. The 100 kg arket weight pigs showed lower juiciness, tenderness, shear forces and total palatability than the other market weights (p<0.01). Hunter values (L*, a* and b*) were increased as market weight increased (p<0.05). Hunter a* value was greater in gilts (p<0.01) but L* value and b* value were not affected by sex of pigs. Net profit [(carcass weight${\times}$price by carcass grade)-(total feed cost+cost of purchased pig)] was higher in gilts than barrows (p<0.01), and was higher (p<0.05) in the pigs marketed at 110 and 120 kg market weight compared with 100 kg market weight. These results demonstrated that gilts showed higher carcass characteristics, pork quality, feed cost per kg body weight gain and net profit compared with barrows. Moreover, 110 or 120 kg body weight would be the recommended market weight based on pork quality and net profit for swine producers.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2014

The effect of different feeding rate on the growth and survival rate of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, were investigated in marine net cage culture and indoor tank culture. Feeding rate is determined that was fed 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage to abalone at body weight once daily : 5 daily feeding rate (DFR), 10DFR, 15DFR and 20DFR. After that, it was conducted to reared during thirteen month with two replicates in net-cage culture and indoor tank culture. In the growth performance of reared abalone (initial mean shell length $54.18{\pm}7.39mm$) in net cage culture, that the absolute growth rate (ARG), daily growth rate (DGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) to the shell length and shell breadth, as well as weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight of 20DFR were lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Also, survival rates of 20DFR was lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). In the growth performance of reared abalone (initial mean shell length $49.70{\pm}2.28mm$) in indoor tank culture, that the ARG, DGR and SGR to the shell length and shell breadth, as well as WG, DWG and SWG to body weight of 5DFR and 10DFR were lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). And also, survival rates of 20DFR was lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, these results is showed that the daily feeding rate for natural feed in net-cage culture and indoor tank culture should be to supply among 5-10 percents, taking into account growth, survival rate and economical efficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1041-1047
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• 2011

Data on 2,365 Mecheri sheep (1,201 males and 1,164 females), maintained at the Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Pottaneri, India, and recorded between 1979 and 2006, were analysed to study the growth related traits and their genetic control. The body weights at different ages (i.e. at birth, weaning (3 months), 6, 9 and 12 months) were recorded and collected from the birth and growth registers maintained in the farm. The average weights of Mecheri sheep at birth, and at 12 months of age were $2.24{\pm}0.01$ and $16.81{\pm}0.15$ kg respectively. The pre- and post-weaning average daily weight gains were $63.84{\pm}0.75$ and $29.52{\pm}0.43$ g respectively. Study revealed a significant difference with the period of lambing on body weight, weight gain and efficiency in weight gain at different stages of growth. Males were heavier and had a higher weight gain than females at almost all stages of growth and the differences tended to increase with age. The direct heritability estimates increased from birth to six months of age and then decreased. The direct heritabilities of all body weights at different stages of growth were low to moderate in magnitude and the values at birth, weaning, six, nine and 12 months of age were 0.08, 0.17, 0.21, 0.13 and 0.10 respectively. For the estimation of heritability at birth and three months body weights, the direct additive genetic and maternal additive genetic effects have to be taken into account and for the estimation of six months weight, the direct additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects have to be included in the model. The estimates of heritability, phenotypic and genetic correlations among the different body weights indicated that the selection for improving the body weights at different traits should be done on the basis of three or six months weight because of higher heritability estimates and having higher genetic correlations with other traits.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1998

Growth performance and excretions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were investigated with carp (Cyprinus carpio) with carp (Cyprinus carpio) grower fed a low pollution diets (A and B) and commercial ones (Com-1 and Com-2). A recirculated rearing system (Exp. I) and a floating net cage system (Exp. II) were employed for two feeding trials in which fish having an initial body weight of 152g and 193g were fed for 41 an 39 days, respectively. The highest weight gain, daily growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were found (P<0.05) in fish fed diet A containing 10% fish meal and 2% monocalcium phosphate (MCP) for both experiments. They also showed the lowest feed conversion ratio and daily feeding ration among treatments. Fish fed diet B containing 10% fish meal, 5% fish protein concentrate and 1% MCP showed weight gain and FCR more improved (P<0.05) than those fed commercial diets. In all groups, whole body cmpositions were not greatly different among treatment, and protein and P contents in final fish ranged from 14.3 to 15.6% and from 0.39 to 0.48%, respectively. Fish fed diet A excreted the least N which were 38.3 in Exp. I and 39.6g/kg gain in Exp. II. However, the values found in fish fed two commercial diets amounted to 59.1 and 58.9g, respectively. A significant decrease in P excretion was also found in fish groups fed diets A and B. In Exp. I, a reduction of 53.4% was shown in fish fed diet A, compared to the averaged value (18.5g P/kg gain) of two commercial groups. In Exp. II conducted using the floating net cages, fish fed diet B excreted the least P (8.6g/kg gain) among the treatment, which was followed by fish fed diet A, showing 48.6% reduction compared to the average value (18.5g/kg gain) for fish fed two commercial diets. The present results clearly showed that N and P excretions from fish culture could be significantly reduced by using the low pollution diet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.493-503
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• 2024

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of low crude protein (CP) level with essential amino acids (AA) addition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, microbiota, and volatile fatty acid composition in growing pigs. A total of 160 growing pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc [LYD]; average initial body weight 16.68 ± 0.12 kg) were randomly allotted to one of the four treatments on the basis of initial body weight. A randomized complete block design was used to conduct this experiment in the Research Center of Animal Life Sciences at Kangwon National University. There were ten pigs/replicate with four replicates in each treatment. The treatments include; CON (Control, 17.2% dietary CP level), low protein (LP)-1.10 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.10% lysine level), LP-1.15 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.15% lysine level), LP1.2 (15.7% dietary CP level + 1.20% lysine level). The pigs fed CON and LP-1.2 diet showed greater final body weight than that of LP-1.1 diet (p < 0.05). Although average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency did not show any difference in phase 2 and 3, average daily gain and feed efficiency was significantly greater in CON and LP-1.20 in phase 1. However, the average daily feed intake did not show any difference during the experimental period. Isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid composition of LP treatments were lower than CON treatment in phase 2. Total branched chain fatty acid composition was significantly lower in LP treatment in phases 1 and 2. However, there was no significant difference among treatments in phase 3. The results of this study underscore the importance of AA supplementation when implementing a low-protein diet during the early growth phase (16-50 kg) in pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.427-431
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigatigate feed cost of com-manure silage and growth performance of Korean native goats which was fed com-manure silage. The average weight about 11.6 kg of twenty one Korean native male goats (4 months used to determine the effect of the feeding trial. The goats were individually reared in metabolism cages and fed diet daily of 2% of the body weight on the dry matter basis. The treatments were divided into whole crop com silage(CS silage), whole crop com ensiled with cage layer manure (CLM; Com-manure silage or MS silage) and whole crop com silage supplemented with urea at feeding time (US silage). The content of crude protein, lactic acid and the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen ($NH_3-N/Total$ N) in MS silage were increased from 7.7 to 14.9%, 5.7 to 7.5% and 8.2 to 16.6%, and the differences were significantly (p < 0.05) different in all observations. Total body weight gain of those goats for 90 days was 6.0 kg (66.7 g/day; MS silage 4.3 kg (47.8 g/day; US silage) and 3.9 kg (43.4 g/day; CS silage), and feed conversion of MS silage (5.98) for 90 days was increased by far the best in the other groups and decreased about 30% in proportion to CS silage. Feed cost per 1 kg MS silage (1,606 won) was the lowest (p < 0.05) in the body weight gain and cut down expenses than fed CS silage by 37% of feed cost.