• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.86-90
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the effects of free choice feeding of starter feed and whole cereals on the growth of turkey poults. Two hundred-seventy poults (7-d old) were divided into 3 treatment groups each with 3 replications containing 15 males and 15 females. Control poults (C) were fed only on starter feed (280 g CP and 11.7 MJ ME/kg). Treatments for choice-fed turkey poults were offered a choice of a starter feed and wheat (120 g CP and 12.3 MJ ME/kg) for wheat selecting (WS) or maize (83 g CP and 13.9 MJ ME/kg) for maize selecting (MS) group in separate feeders. Final live weight (2,280.7 g for the C vs. 2,374.3 and 2,324.6 g for the WS and MS), daily gain (39.21 g vs. 40.87 and 39.99 g) and total feed intake (95.2 g vs. 103.2 and 97.9 g) in the WS poults were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the C group, but feed conversion ratio was not significantly different between the treatments. The proportional intakes of cereals vs. total feed intake were 11% in both the WS and MS group. The amount of protein intake in the C group (280 g CP/kg diet) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in WS and MS groups (263 and 259 g CP/kg diet, respectively) whilst the ME intake in the C group (11.7 MJ/kg diet) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that in MS group (11.9 MJ/kg diet). Our results showed that turkey poults fed starter feed and whole wheat in a free choice feeding system have a higher efficiency in terms of daily gain, final live weight, and an economic advantage may be obtained from free choice feeding due to a reduced protein intake and feed cost.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 1997

This study was desiged to investigate the effects of calcium supplementation on the metabolism of sodium and potassium and blood pressure in seven healthy college women, aged from 19 to 21 years old. For this purpose, metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks. During the first week, the subjects ate experimental diet of which nutrients composition was similar to their usual intake. And during the consecutive second week, they ate the same experimental diet supplemented with 500mg or calcium daily. The results were summarized as follows : 1) Urinary excretion of sodium was significantly increased(p<0.05), but fecal excretion and retention of it was not affected by supplementary intake of calcium. 2) Potassium balance was not changed after additional intake of calcium. 3) Serum sodium and potassium level decreased significantly(p<0.05), but aldosterone and renin levels in serum were not changed by additional intake of calcium. 4) Systolic blood pressure(SBP) was not affected, but diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by supplementation of calcium. The above results showed that daily supplementary intake of calcium can be effective to decrease diastolic blood pressure through inducing the change of sodium metabolism in young women eating usual Korean diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1573-1578
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of diets that contained different levels of fungal treated wheat straw on the intake, digestibility and performance of lactating cows. Eight primiparous Holstein cows, in late lactation ranging from $170{\pm}10$ days in milk and yielding $14.3{\pm}1.3$ kg/d of fat corrected milk (FCM) were allocated into four diets with 0, 10, 20 and 30% fungal (Pleurotus ostreatus coded P-41) treated wheat straw in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square experiment. The daily intake of DM, OM, DOM, CP and TDN were not affected by substitution of alfalfa hay with fungal treated wheat straw. Inclusion of the treated straw at different levels in the diet did not affect the digestibility of nutrients, except for the ADF that was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the diet contained 30% treated straw. The types of the diet did not significantly affect daily milk and FCM production. The milk composition including fat, protein, lactose, solid non-fat (SNF) and total solid (TS) were not statistically (p>0.05) different among the diets. All cows gained weight, but the inclusion of treated straw to the diet significantly (p<0.05) increased the body weight gain and the highest amount was obtained in the diet containing 20% treated. Inclusion of fungal treated wheat straw up to 30% of the diet of lactating cows supplemented with a protein source such as cottonseed meal had not affected the nutrients intake and lactation performance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.349-353
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• 2009

Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the soybean meal as a substitute for the fish meal in diet (experiment I), and experimental practical diet and commercial diet (experiment II) for growth of far eastern catfish. In the experiment I, three replicate groups of juveniles (average weight 7.2 g) were fed one of diets containing 0, 10 and 20% soybean meals for 66 days. Survival and final mean weight were not significantly affected by dietary soybean meal levels. No significant differences were observed in feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention of fish fed between 0% (control diet) and 20% soybean meal diets. However, fish fed 10% soybean meal diet showed the lower feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention, and higher daily feed intake compared with fish fed control diet and 20% soybean meal diet. The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash in the whole body were not significantly affected by dietary soybean meal levels. In the experiment II, three replicate groups of juveniles (average weight 7.3 g) were fed either the formulated diet or commercial diet for 66 days. Survival and final mean weight were not significantly different among treatment. Significantly higher feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention, and lower daily feed intake were observed in fish fed experimental practical diet compared with fish fed commercial diet (P<0.05). Proximate compositions of the whole body were not significantly affected by diets. The results of these studies suggest that soybean meal can be used as a substitute for fish meal up to 20% in diet, and the dietary formulation used in the experiment II could be applied to the practical feed for far eastern catfish.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate if dietary Chlorella vulgaris(chlorella) intake would be effective on cadmium(Cd) detoxification in rats fed dietary Cd. Fourteen-week old male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats weighing $415.0{\pm}1.6\;g$ were randomly divided into two groups and fed slightly modified American Institute of Nutrition-93 Growing(AIN-93G) diet without(n=10) or with(n=40) dietary Cd(200 ppm) for 8 weeks. To confirm alteration by dietary Cd intake, twenty rats fed AIN-93G diet without(n=10) and with(n=10) dietary Cd were sacrificed and compared. Other thirty rats were randomly blocked into three groups and fed slightly modified AIN-93G diets replacing 0 (n=10), 5 (n=10) or 10% (n=10) chlorella of total kg diet for 4 weeks. Daily food intake, body weight change, body weight gain/calorie intake, organ weight (liver, spleen, and kidney), perirenal fat pad and epididymal fat pad weights were measured. To examine Cd detoxification, urinary Cd excretion and metallothonein (MT) concentrations in kidney and intestine were measured. Food intake, calorie intake, body weight change, body weight gain/calorie intake, organ weight and fat pad weights were decreased by dietary Cd intake. Urinary Cd excretion and MT concentrations in kidney and small intestine were increased by dietary Cd. After given Cd containing diet, food intake, calorie intake, body weight change, body weight gain/calorie intake, organ weights and fat pad weights were not influenced by dietary chlorella intake. Renal MT synthesis tended to be higher in a dose-dependent manner, but not significantly. And chlorella intake did not significantly facilitate renal and intestinal MT synthesis and urinary Cd excretion. These findings suggest that, after stopping cadmium supply, chlorella supplementation, regardless of its percentage, might not improve cadmium detoxification from the body in growing rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.476-482
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• 2003

We studied the effects of soy isoflavone supplements on bone metabolism marker (serum osteocalcin, urinary deoxypyridinoline) and urinary mineral excretion (urinary Ca, Mg, Zn) in 47 postmenopausal women. There were 24 participants in the treatment group and 23 in the control group. The treatment group consumed isoflavone extract capsules daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared before and after isoflavone intake in the following areas: Physical examination, diet survey, bone metabolism marker and urinary mineral excretion. The average age of the treatment group was 64.6 years and that of the control group was 66.5 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight and body mass index. Both groups maintained a regular diet pattern in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There were no significant differences between the treatment group (23.9 mg) and the control group (25.4 mg) in terms of daily isoflavone intake based on diet. The analysis of bone metabolism marker changes in the treatment group after 12 weeks of taking the isoflavone supplements demonstrated significant differences in the following: Serum osteocalcin (13.7 ng/mL in befor versus 6.8 ng/mL in after) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (5.9 nmol/mmol Cr in befor versus 4.5 nmol/mmol Cr in after). The subjects in the treatment group showed no significant difference in urinary Ca excretion. But the subjects showed a significant difference in urinary Mg (131.9 mg/day in befor versus 115.6 mg/day in after) and Zn (400.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day in befor versus 310.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day in after) excretion in the isoflavone treatment group at the levels of p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively. No changes were made in the intake of minerals. The composition of serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline, and indicators of bone metabolism, including the excretion Mg and Zn, significantly decreased. As a result, bone mineral loss was lessened. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 476~482, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary levels on protein metabolism in eight healthy Korean adult females. The 20-day metabolic study consisted of 2 day adaptation period and three 6-day experimental. Three experimental diets were low protein (LP : protein 44g), high protein(HP : protein 85g) and high animal protein (HAP : protein-84g). The apparent absorption and balance on nitrogen were significantly higher in high protein than in low protein diet. Nitrogen, absorption rate was about 75% for low protein and about 85% for high protein intake. The mean values of nitrogen balance were -1.28% for low protein and 0.78% for high protein diet. All the subjects were in negative nitrogen balance at the low protein intake while they were in positive nitrogen balance at the high protein intake. The mean daily urinary nitrogen excretion increased with increased level of protein intake. Urea nitrogen was the largest part of the urinary nitrogen. The ratio of urea nitrogen to total urinary nitrogen increased significantly for 79 to 85% as protein intake was doubled.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.84-96
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• 2005

Rice is the primary main dish of Traditional Korean diet. Although there have been changes in food consumption and nutrient intake among Koreans, traditional dietary pattern is stil dominant among Koreans. Traditional Korean diet has emphasized breakfast, which is the most frequently missed meals in Korea today but important for daily work performance and health. Compared to diets of the U.S. and Greece, Korean diet is high in carbohydrate and low in fat and cholesterol due to low intake of meat. Koreans also consume large amount of plant food, which makes fiber content of diet to be high. However fruit and milk consumption tends to be low in Korea. Koreans use fermented food, including kimchi, very frequently as well as foods cooked and consumed at high temperature and over direct fire. Traditional cooking methods are time consuming which limits the usage among modern city dwellers with working women. Despite the strengths of traditional Korean diets in reducing risk factors of chronic diseases, preservation of the tradition in modern Korean society requires special attention and efforts to make them more adaptable to contemporary life styles.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.523-529
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• 1997

This study was conducted to obtain accurate data on the intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of protein in Korean college women. Subjects were 8 female college students, aged from 21 to 23, and maintained their menu and life patterns regular during a 4- week study. The same amount of diet that the subjects had consumed, and feces and urine were collected and measured to extract their nitrogen content by Kjeldahl method. From this data, apparent digestibility and the body nitrogen balance were estimated by determing daily protein intake and excretion. The daily protein intake was 56.9$\pm$1.4g and daily fecal protein loss was 6.3$\pm$0.2g. The apparent digestibility of protein was 89.6$\pm$0.7$\%$. The daily nitrogen intake measured by Kjeldahl method was 9.43$\pm$0.2g. The urinary nitrogen excretion was 7.64$\pm$0.23g and fecal nitrogen excretion was 1.02$\pm$0.03g. The nitrogen balance indicated a positive balance of 0.45$\pm$0.18g. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 523-529, 1997)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.18-21
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• 1999

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding frequency on growth and body composition in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Triplicate groups of the 40 fish averaging 1.6 g were fed the 2 different commercial diets (D-1 and D-2) and moist pellet (MP) contained frozen horse mackerel and commercial binder meal at different feeding frequencies of 4 times daily, 3 times daily, 2 times daily, once a day or once in 2 days. Growth and feed intake of fish were affected by diets and feeding frequencies (P<0.05). Feed intake ($\%$ of body wt.) in the all diet groups was significantly decreased according to feeding frequency decreased (P<0.05). Weight gain of fish fed the each diet were increased according to feeding frequency increased, although no significant differences were observed between 3 times and 4 times daily (P>0,05). If the same feeding frequency, feed intake and growth of fish fed the moist pellet were lower (P<0.05) than those of commercial diets (D-1 or D-2), probably due to the relatively high moisture content or unbalanced nutrients. Whole body lipid content of fish fed the each diet at once in 2 days was the lowest among feeding frequencies. These results indicate that 3 times daily feeding regimen may be more effective than that of 4 times daily and moist pellet in this study will not be used as a practical type of diet for juvenile olive flounder weighing between 1,6 g and 4 g.