• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate Mg status and the relationship between dietary Mg the blood pressure in 30 healthy women, 26 to 57 year of age, living in rural area of Korea. Dietary intake of the subjects on self-selected diet were recorded. Duplicated food sample and 24-hour urine samples were collected for 3 days. Mean daily dietary Mg intake levels were determined by chemical analysis of duplicated food samples and mean daily urinary Mg excretion was measured from urine samples. Fasting serum Mg levels of each subjects was measured on the 3rd day of the survey. The results were as following: 1) The mean daily intakes of energy, protein were 1770.36㎉ and 55.55g, respectively. Carbohydrare, fat and protein supplied 77.1%, 10.4% and 12.5% of total energy intake. 2) The dietary Mg showed positive correlations with carbohydrate(P<0.05), vitamin A and vitamin B2(P<0.01), energy, Ca, P, fiber, vitamin B1 and niacin(P<0.001), but negative correlation with SBP(P<0.05). 3) The daily mean intake of Mg was 259.07$\pm$74.54mg and the urinary excretion of Mg was 75.48$\pm$33.14mg which was 29.5% of the dietary intake of Mg. And there was no significance between the dietary intake and the urinary excretion of Mg. 4) The dietary fiber showed negative correlations with SBP and DBP(P<0.05). 5) The serum and urinary concentrations of Mg were normal range and the serum Mg showed negative correlation with dietary vitamin C(P<0.05, r=-0.3655). It was concluded that the dietary Mg level of Korean rural women consuming self-selected diets was lower than that of RDA of American women but higher than that of RDA of Canadian. And the dietary intake levels of Mg and fiber, which are contained mostly in cereals and vegetables are useful to prevent hypertention.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1553-1561
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• 2013

Forty-eight crossbred heifers ($378.1{\pm}18$ kg) were used in a 56-d feeding trial (four pens per treatment in a randomised complete block design) to evaluate the influence of ionophore supplementation on growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics in finishing cattle during a period of heat stress. Heifers were fed a diet based on steam-flaked corn (2.22 Mcal $NE_m/kg$) with and without an ionophore. Treatments were: i) control, no ionophore; ii) 30 mg/kg monensin sodium (RUM30); iii) 20 mg/kg lasalocid sodium (BOV20), and iv) 30 mg/kg lasalocid sodium (BOV30). Both dry matter intake (DMI) and climatic variables were measured daily and the temperature humidity index (THI) was estimated. The maximum THI during the study averaged 93, while the minimum was 70 (THI average = $79.2{\pm}2.3$). Compared to controls, monensin supplementation did not influence average daily gain, the estimated NE value of the diet, or observed-to-expected DMI, but tended (p = 0.07) to increase (4.8%) gain to feed. Compared to controls, the group fed BOV30 increased ($p{\leq}0.03$) daily gain (11.8%), gain to feed (8.3%), net energy of the diet (5%), and observed-to-expected DMI (5.2%). Daily weight gain was greater (7.6%, p = 0.05) for heifers fed BOV30 than for heifers fed MON30. Otherwise, differences between the two treatments in DMI, gain to feed, and dietary NE were not statistically significant (p>0.11). Plotting weekly intakes versus THI, observed intake of controls was greater (p<0.05) at THI values ${\leq}77$ than ionophore groups. When THI values were greater than 79, DMI of control and MON30 were not different (p = 0.42), although less than that of groups fed lasalocid (p = 0.04). Variation in energy intake was lower (p>0.05) in the ionophores group (CV = 1.7%) than in the control group (CV = 4.5%). Inclusion of ionophores in the diet resulted in relatively minor changes in carcass characteristics. It is concluded that ionophore supplementation did not exacerbate the decline of DM intake in heat-stressed cattle fed a high-energy finishing diet; on the contrary, it stabilised feed intake and favoured feed efficiency. Ionophore supplementation reduced estimated maintenance coefficients around 10% in finishing cattle during a period of heat stress. This effect was greatest for heifers supplemented with 30 mg lasalocid/kg of diet.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2009

The anti-stress effects of kimchi were studied in the Sprague-Dawley rats dosed with kimchi. The rats in the stress groups were subjected to immobilization stress for 2 hr/day for 5 days. At the end of the experimental period, daily average food intake and body weight (BW) gain had been reduced in the stress group compared to the control group. Daily average food intake was significantly increased in the stress-kimchi diet group compared to the stress-only group. The weights of the thymus and spleen were decreased by immobilization stress, but this reduction was partially suppressed by the addition of kimchi. The weights of the adrenal gland and epididymal adipose tissue were increased in the stress group, but ingestion of kimchi completely and partially suppressed these stress-induced changes, respectively. Serum levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride, and plasma levels of corticosterone were increased in the stress group, but at control levels in the stress-kimchi diet group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-103
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• 1987

A study was conducted to measure nitrogen intake and excretion in young korean women on their normal diet and leading normal activity level. Dietary survey by food record, fecal and urinary samples were collected for 3 days in 19 healthy female college students in Korea. On one of the 3 days, duplicate of one-day diet was collected from each subjects. Mean daily intakes of energy and protein were calculated from food recorded. Duplicate diet samples and pooled fecal samples were analyzed for N content. Pooled urine samples were analyzed for total N, urea N, and creatinine content. Apparent N absorption, apparent N balance and urea N/creatinine N were calculated to evaluate protein nutritional status. The results obtained are summarized as following ; 1) Accordingly to food record, mean daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate and far were 1535.2 $\pm$53.78Kcal, 55.95$\pm$2.97g(total nitrogen 8.95$\pm$0.45g), 254.13$\pm$10.31g and 39.24$\pm$2.76 g, providing 14.6%, 66.2%, 19.2% of total energy respectively. 2) Nitrogen intake by chemical analysis was 7.16$\pm$0.31g/day (protein 44.75$\pm$1.94kg/day) providing 82.39$\pm$4.58% of nitrogen intake by food record. The difference of total nitrogen intake between food record and chemical analysis in diets was significant(p<0.05). 3) Mean daily fecal nitrogen excretion was 1.38$\pm$0.10g and then mean apparent digesbility of protein was 80.53$\pm$5.21%. 4) Mean daily urinary nitrogen excretion, urea N excretion and creatinine excretion were 6.03$\pm$0.30g, 4.52$\pm$0.22g, and 0.88$\pm$0.04g respectively. Urinary urea nitrogen was 75.2$\pm$1.38% of total urinary nitrogen excretion and urinary nitrogen was 85.4$\pm$3.56% of total nitrogen intake by chemical analysis. 5) Mean urea N/creatinine N ration was 14.01$\pm$0.77. 6) Mean nitrogen balance was -0.244$\pm$0.33g/day. From the above results, it is concluded that the subjects in this study seem to be in marginal protein nutritional status and therefore should increase dietary protein intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1995

This study was conducted to assess thiamin nutritional status in Korean female college students on normal diet Weighed food records and 24-hour urine samples were collected from subjects for three days. Mean daily intake of thiamin was calculated from food records. Pooled urine samples were analyzed for thiamin and creatinine. Mean daily intake of thiamin was 0.72$\pm$0.22mg, 72% of Korean RDA for the group. Thiamin intake per 1000kca1 was 0.4997$\pm$0.09mg, which is close to the RDA. Mean daily urinary excretion of thiamin were 130.11$\pm$ 71.06$\mu\textrm{g}$/24hr and 180.59$\pm$129.79$\mu\textrm{g}$/g creatinine. Mean daily thiamin intake(mg/day), but not thiamin intake per 1000kca1 was showed by positive correlated with urinary excretion of thiamin(p<0.01). Thiamin nutritional status of the subjects based on 24-hour urinary excretion of thiamin was deficient in one subject(19%), low in nineteen subjects(36.5%), and acceptable in thirty two subjects(61.5%). Only six subjects were in low thiamin status based on thiamin excretion per gram creatinine. Therefore, total urinary excretion of thiamin seems to be more sensitive to marginal thiamin deficiency compared to urinary excretion per gram creatinine. From the results of the study, the prevalence of marginal thiamin deficiency seems to be high among young Korean adult women.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.725-732
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• 2007

The effects of supplementing Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) with varying levels of hay from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and dried cassava root chip on growth and diet digestibility were studied using local male goats with an average initial body weight of 14.0 kg. Thirty-two animals were allocated to a completely randomized $2{\times}2$ factorial design with eight animals per treatment. The factors were two levels of cassava hay (25% and 35% of an expected dry matter (DM) intake of 3% of body weight) and cassava root chips (0 or 1% of body weight) on an individual basis with grass offered ad libitum. Another four animals were assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to study digestibility, and were given the same four diets as in the growth experiment. Total DM intake was significantly higher in the group fed diets with cassava hay and root while the DM intake of Gamba grass was not significantly different between treatments. The supplementation with cassava hay and root increased the apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter and N and resulted in a higher N-retention. The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fiber was not affected significantly. The average daily gain of animals fed diets supplemented with both cassava hay and root was significantly higher than for the animals supplemented with cassava hay alone. The highest daily gain recorded was 70 g/day. In conclusion, supplementing a basal diet of Gamba grass with cassava hay and root chips improved DM intake, digestibility, N-retention and weight gain. In order to minimize the waste of cassava hay, the inclusion level of cassava hay can be recommended to be 25% of expected DM intake, which would give acceptable intake and growth performance when cassava root is included in the diet.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.121-131
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• 2005

During last few decades dietary guidelines for the weight management mainly have focused on a low-fat, high carbohydrate diet. Carbohydrate was supposed to be low-dense, highly satiating as well as it affects little on the lipogenesis. Although low-fat diet has significant weight-reducing effect, the loss was modest and usually regained after cessation of the diet. Furthermore, low-fat, modest-carbohydrate diet did not impact on the ever increasing rates of overweight and obesity. Alternative approaches include low-carbohydrate diet, high-carbohydrate diet and low-glycemic index diet. Although none of above mentioned diet have sufficient evidence for standard weight management diet, short-term efficacy and safety are being approved continuously. Low-carbohydrate diet contains less than 45% of carbohydrate in daily energy consumption, it is claimed to have more satiating effect and to improve metabolism. However, low compliance due to the limitation of food choice should be considered on prescribing the diet. High-carbohydrate which contains 90% of carbohydrate in total daily energy consumption, is effective in providing satiety and lowering total calorie intake and cholesterol. On the other hand, nutritional unbalance should be took into account. Low-glycemic index diet is based on the theory that contemporary diet contains significantly less fiber and unrefined carbohydrate, therefore insulin secretion is disturbed. Because low glycemic index food slowly increase blood glucose and insulin level, it induces much satiating effect and may decrease calorie ultimate intake. However, poor standardization of glycemic index is one of the main obstacle for the diet to be applied in the clinic. Meanwhile, high fructose food and beverage should be discouraged because it has little satiating effect and may cause insulin resistance. High fiber food is another recommendation for healthy, lean diet.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.58-60
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of nutrient level and feeding method of split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance. In both studies, ISA Brown layers were kept in laying hen cages and treatments were represented by three or four replicates each containing 25 or 34 birds. In Experiment 1, the control group(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups(T1, T2 and T3) were offered high energy/protein - low Ca diet and low energy/protein - high Ca diets in a.m. and p.m., respectively. In split diet groups, ME and CP consumption, and feed cost required per day and per kg egg mass were significantly reduced(P＜0.05) compared to C group, while the hen-day egg production, average egg weight and daily feed intake were not different among treatments. In the second study, C and T1 groups were fed the diets same to the C and T2 groups in Experiment 1, respectively. And T2 group was fed the diet mixed with the split diets for a.m. in mash and p.m. in pellet used in T1 group. In T1 and T2 groups, daily feed intake and average egg weight were significantly reduced(P＜0.05), while the hen-day egg production was not influenced by the feeding system. Daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were reduced(P＜0.05) in T1 and T2, while the ME, CP and feed cost required per kg egg mass were not different to the C group. In both study, eggshell qualities were improved(P＜0.05) by split diet feeding. It was concluded the feed and nutrients consumption, feed cost per day or per kg egg mass could be spared by introducing split diets for a.m. and p.m., and the feeding method of mixed diet of split diets was also convenient and effective for sparing feed cost and improvement of eggshell quality.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.187-194
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• 1980

To estimate the amount of daily salt intake by source of food and urinary sodium excretion, a dietary survey was conducted from August 27th to September 3, 1980. The salt concentration of six kinds of food was measured. The families of 25 womens' club leaders and 25 families of hypertensive patients were studied after they had been given a short course of education on lowsalt diet. The results were as follows: 1. The average amount of high-salt foods eaten daily by the study group were as follows: 4.5 Gm. in the form of table salt 16.8 ml of home-made soy sauce 6.20 ml of commercial soy sauce 11.9 Gm. of home-made red-pepper bean paste 12.0 Gm. of home-made soy-bean paste 120.7 Gm. of Kimchi 2. The average NaCl concentration of each food was as follows: 99.5% in table salt, 22.5% in home made soy sauce, 11.9% in Commercial soy sauce, 6.8 Gm% in home made red pepper bean paste, 9.2 Gm% in home-made soy-bean paste and the average concentration of various kinds of Kimchi was 2.7 Gm%. 3. The total amount of daily salt intake per adult was calculated as 14.3 Gm. By sources of food 4.5 Gm from table salt, 3.9 Gm from home-made soy sauce and 3. 3 Gm from Kimchi were taken daily Three other kinds of food were also minor sources of salt intake.4. The average amounts of individual daily salt intake were not significantly different between the hypertensive group and the normotensive group: the median of the normotensive group (11.7Gm.) was significantly lower than that of the hypertensive group (14.9Gm.). Therefore the womens' club leaders appeared to respond more quickly than the hypertensive group after low-salt diet education. 5. The average amount of sodium excretion in the 24 hour urine specimen was 234.7 mEq. From this finding the daily NaCl intake was estimated to be 15.8Gm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.457-463
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• 2000

Fifty mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a six-week feeding trial to study effects of high-forage, high-fat diets on dry matter intake and production performance. Cows were divided into 10 replicates, each consisting of five cows. Each cow was assigned to a control (diet 1) or one of the four experimental diets (high-forage (75%), high-fat (7.5%) (diet 2); high-forage, medium-fat (5%) (diet 3); medium forage (65%), high-fat (diet 4); medium-forage, medium-fat (diet 5)), or a control diet containing about 50% forage and 2% fat. All diets were isonitrogenous (17.7% crude protein). The forage mixture consisted of 20% alfalfa hay, 40% alfalfa haylage, and 40% com silage. Supplemental fat included 80% rumen-protected fat and 20% yellow grease. Dry matter intake was decreased (p<0.01) in cows fed experimental diets (18.4, 20.9, 19.9, and 22.6 kg for cows fed diets 1-4, respectively vs. 27.5 kg for cows fed the control diet). Daily milk production was lower (p<0.05) for cows consuming experimental diets (30.5, 31.3, 31.0, and 32.5 kg for cows fed greater for cows consuming experimental diets (1.74, 1.55, 1.60, and 1.53 kg milk/kg dry matter intake for cows fed diets 1-4, respectively, vs. 1.26 kg milk/kg dry matter intake for cows fed the control diet).