• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2018

The application of rib stiffeners is common on steel connections, with regard to the stiffened angle connection, experimental results about the influence of stiffeners under monotonic and cyclic loading are very limited. Consequently, this paper presents the experimental investigation on four types angle connections with or without stiffener under static loading and another four type stiffened angle connections subjected to cyclic loading. The static experimental result showed that the rib stiffener weld in tension zone of the connection greatly enhanced its initial rotational stiffness and flexural strength. While a stiffener was applied to the compression zone of the connection, it had not obvious influences on the initial rotational stiffness, but increased its flexural strength. The moment-rotation curves, skeleton curves, ductility, energy dissipation and rigidity were evaluated under cyclic loading. Stiffened top-and-seat angle connections behaved as semi-rigid and partial strength, and rotation of all stiffened angle connections exceeded 0.04rad. The failure modes between monotonic and cyclic loading test were completely different and indicated certain robustness.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.2018-2025
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• 2002

It is well known that the strength and the fatigue life of welded steel components are affected extensively by welding residual stresses distributed around their weldments under not only monotonic but also cyclic loads. The externally applied loads are to be superimposed with the welding residual stresses, so that unexpected deformations and failures of the components might occur. These residual stresses are not kept constant, but relaxed or redistributed during in service. Under monotonic loads the relaxation takes place when the sum of external and welding residual stress exceeds locally the yield stress of material used. By the way, it is shown that under cyclic loads the welding residual stress is considerably relieved by the first or the early cycles of loads, and then gradually relaxed with increasing loading cycles. Although many investigations in this field have been carried out, the phenomenon and mechanism of the stress relaxation are still not clear, and there are few comprehensive models to predict amount of relaxed welding residual stress. In this study, the characteristics of the welding residual stress relaxation under monotonic and cyclic loads were investigated, and a model to predict quantitatively amount of welding residual stress relaxation was proposed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.43-65
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• 2012

The primary objective of this study was to identify concrete contribution to the initial shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) hollow columns under lateral loading. Seven large-scale RC rectangular hollow column specimens were tested under monotonic or cyclic lateral loads. The most important design parameter was column length-to-depth aspect ratio ranging between 1.5 and 3.0, and the other test variables included web area ratio, hollow section ratio, and loading history. The tests showed that the initial shear strength reduced in a linear pattern as the column aspect ratio increased, and one specimen tested under cyclic loading achieved approximately 83% of the shear strength of the companion specimen under monotonic loading. Also, several pioneering shear models proposed around the world, all of which were mainly based on tests for columns with solid sections, were reviewed and compared with the test results of this study, for their possible applications to columns with hollow sections. After all, an empirical equation was proposed for concrete contribution to the initial shear strength of RC hollow columns based on fundamental mechanics and the test results.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.353-386
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• 2016

Realistic assessment of the performance of reinforced concrete structural members like columns is needed for designing new structures or maintenance of the existing structural members. This assessment requires analytical capability of employing proper material models and cyclic rules and considering various load and displacement patterns. A computer application was developed to analyze the non-linear, cyclic flexural performance of reinforced concrete structural members under various types of loading paths including non-sequential variations in axial load and bi-axial cyclic load or displacement. Different monotonic material models as well as hysteresis rules, were implemented in a fiber-based moment-curvature and in turn force-deflection analysis, using proper assumptions on curvature distribution along the member, as in plastic-hinge models. Performance of the program was verified against analytical results by others, and accuracy of the analytical process and the implemented models were evaluated in comparison to the experimental results. The computer application can be used to predict the response of a member with an arbitrary cross section and various type of lateral and longitudinal reinforcement under different combinations of loading patterns in axial and bi-axial directions. On the other hand, the application can be used to examine analytical models and methods using proper experimental data.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.627-645
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• 2014

Using OpenSees as a framework, constitutive models of reinforced, prestressed and prestressed steel fiber concrete found by the panel tests have been implemented into a finite element program called Simulation of Concrete Structures (SCS) to predict the seismic behavior of shear-critical reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. The developed finite element program was validated by tests on prestressed steel fiber concrete beams under monotonic loading, post tensioned precast concrete column under reversed cyclic loading, framed shear walls under reversed cyclic loading or shaking table excitations, and a seven-story wall building under shake table excitations. The comparison of analytical results with test outcomes indicates good agreement.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2011

반복수평하중을 받는 말뚝의 거동은 반복하중의 크기와 재하횟수 뿐만 아니라 반복하중의 재하방법(한방향 또는 양방향 재하)에도 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 반복수평하중의 재하방법이 모래지반에 타입된 항타말뚝의 거동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해서 가압토조를 이용한 모형말뚝재하시험을 수행하였다. 실험결과에 따르면 반복수평하중을 한방향으로 받는 말뚝의 누적 영구수평변위는 최초 재하방향과 같은 방향으로 발생하지만, 반복하중을 양방향으로 받는 말뚝의 영구수평변위는 최초 재하방향과 반대 방향으로 발생하였다. 그리고 이와 같은 반복하중의 재하방법에 따른 말뚝 영구수평변위의 변화로 인해 한방향 반복재하는 말뚝의 반복극한수평지지력을 감소시키고 양방향 반복 재하는 말뚝의 반복극한수평지지력을 증가시켰으며, 수평하중의 반복재하횟수가 많아질수록 하중의 재하방법에 따른 말뚝의 반복극한수평지지력 차이는 더욱 확대되었다. 또한 반복수평하중의 재하방법에 따른 말뚝 주변지반의 다짐도 차이로 인해 수평하중이 반복재하되는 동안 말뚝에 발생하는 최대 휨모멘트는 반복하중이 양방향보다 한방향으로 재하되는 경우에 더 크게 나타났다. 그러나 극한상태에서 말뚝에 발생한 최대 휨모멘트는 반복하중이 한방향보다 양방향으로 재하된 경우에 그리고 반복재하를 받은 경우보다 그렇지 않은 경우에 더 큰 것으로 조사되었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.329-345
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• 2018

This paper systematically investigated the mechanical performance of the weak-axis cover-plate connection, including a beam end monotonic loading test and a column top cyclic loading test, and a series of parametric studies for exterior and interior joints under cyclic loading using a nonlinear finite element analysis program ABAQUS, focusing on the influences of the shape of top cover-plate, the length and thickness of the cover-plate, the thickness of the skin plate, and the steel material grade. Results showed that the strains at both edges of the beam flange were greater than the middle's, thus it is necessary to take some technical methods to ensure the construction quality of the beam flange groove weld. The plastic rotation of the exterior joint can satisfy the requirement of FEMA-267 (1995) of 0.03 rad, while only one side connection of interior joint satisfied ANSI/AISC 341-10 under the column top cyclic loading. Changing the shape or the thickness or the length of the cover-plate did not significantly affect the mechanical behaviors of frame joints no matter in exterior joints or interior joints. The length and thickness of the cover-plate recommended by FEMA 267 (1995) is also suitable to the weak-axis cover-plate joint. The minimum skin plate thickness and a design procedure for the weak-axis cover-plate connections were proposed finally.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.459-484
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• 2005

In recent years, the use of steel tube confined concrete (STCC) columns has been the interests of many structural engineers. The present study is an attempt to study the monotonic and cyclic behaviours of STCC columns. For the monotonic behaviours, a series of tests on STCC stub columns (twenty one), and beam-columns (twenty) were carried out. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) column section types, circular and square; (2) tube diameter (or width) to thickness ratio, from 40 to 162, and (3) load eccentricity ratio (e/r), from 0 to 0.5. For the cyclic behaviours, the test parameters included the sectional types and the axial load level (n). Twelve STCC column specimens, including 6 specimens with circular sections and 6 specimens with square sections were tested under constant axial load and cyclically increasing flexural loading. Comparisons are made with predicted column strengths and flexural stiffness using the existing codes. It was found that STCC columns exhibit very high levels of energy dissipation and ductility, particularly when subjected to high axial loads. Generally, the energy dissipation ability of the columns with circular sections was much higher than those of the specimens with square sections. Comparisons are made with predicted column strengths and flexural stiffness using the existing codes such as AIJ-1997, AISCLRFD- 1994, BS5400-1979 and EC4-1994.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 단조하중, 반복하중, 비례하중, 비례하지 않는 하중을 받는 콘크리트 구조물의 3차원 유한요소해석을 위한 비선형 아소성 콘크리트 모델을 개발하였다. 이 구성모델은 등가일축변형률 개념을 기초로 하여 3차원 구성관계를 세 개의 서로 독립된 등가일축 구성관계로 바꾸고 이들 통하여 콘크리트의 거동을 예측하도록 모델되었다. 일축 구성관계는 Willam-Warnke의 파괴면을 이용하여 주응력공간에서 구해진 최대 압축응력으로부터 결정되었다. 특히 중수압축을 따라 재하되는 하중에 대한 콘크리트의 비선형 특성을 예측하기 위하여 파괴면에 캡면을 도입하였다. 일축 구성관계는 Popovis와 Saenz의 모델을 근거로 하여 구속응력이 증가함에 따라 취성에서 연성으로 변화하는 현상을 묘사할 수 있도록 새롭게 유도하였다. 개발된 모델을 모델의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 여러 실험결과와의 비교를 시도하였다. 먼저 일정한 구속응력과 단조하중을 받는 실험결과와 비교하였고, 이축압축실험과 비례하지 않는 하중과 반복하중을 받는 삼축압축 실험결과와 비교하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.411-420
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• 2007

본 연구는 반복 수평 하중을 받는 외부 보-기둥 접합부에서 작은 헤드를 사용한 headed bar의 사용성을 검증하기 위해 $90^{\circ}$ 표준갈고리로 정착한 실험체와 headed bar로 정착한 접합부 실험체를 제작하여 각각의 실험 결과를 비교하였다. 또한, headed bar 정착 성능에 영향을 주는 헤드 단면적, 단조 및 반복 가력 여부, 헤드와 보강근의 용접 여부등의 headed bar 인발 성능에 관한 영향을 구명하기 위한 인발실험을 병행하였다. 인발실험의 결과, headed bar의 인발강도는 헤드 면적 증가에 따라 증가하였고, 헤드와 보강근의 용접 유무, 가력 조건 (단조하중 및 반복하중)은 실험 결과에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 외부 보-기둥 접합부 실험의 결과, $90^{\circ}$ 표준갈고리로 정착한 실험체와 headed bar로 정착한 실험체가 초기 균열, 균열의 발생 등 모두 거의 비슷한 양상이었으나, 최종 파괴 시에는 headed bar로 정착된 실험체가 $90^{\circ}$ 표준갈고리로 정착된 실험체에 비해 최대 강도 도달 이후 연성 거동, 연성비 및 변형 성능, 에너지소산 면적 등에서 우수한 거동을 보여주었다. 따라서 ACI 352 위원회의 설계지침을 따라서 제작된 접합부 상세와 동일한 조건으로 표준갈고리 대신 상대적으로 작은 headed bar를 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.