• Title/Summary/Keyword: cutting with leaves

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Effects of Split Nitrogen Application on Agronomic Characteristics, Forage Yield, and Chemical Composition of Kenaf in Jeju (제주지역에서 질소분시 횟수에 따른 양마의 생육특성, 사료수량 및 조성분 변화)

  • 조남기;강영길;송창길;조영일;정재수;고미라;오은경
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.9-14
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    • 2002
  • Evegradies 71' kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was grown at 160,000 plants per ha in a volcanic ash soil in Jeju island to determine the optimum frequency of split N application fer forage production. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied with 240 kg/ha, and frequencies of the split N applications were 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 times. Plant height averaged across two harvests increased from 187 to 201cm as N was split-applied from one to three applications and then decreased to 201cm in five applications. This pattern held for the number of branches and leaves per plant stem diameter and weight of plant per plant. Fresh forage yield increased from 91.8 to 114.2 MT/ha. dry matter yield from 12.70 to 16.6 MT/ha, crude protein yield from 1.75 to 2.48MT/ha, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield from 5.39 to 7.63 MT/ha as N was split-applied from one to four applications, and then decreased to 106.6, 15.0, 2.32, and 7.22 MT/ha in five applications, respectively As N was split-applied from one to five applications, crude protein content increased from 13.8 to 15.4%. ether extract content from 4.1 to 5.9%, and TDN content from 42.4 to 48.1%. but crude fiber decreased from 38.2 to 37.1% and crude ash content from 11.5 to 8.6%. Nitrogen free extract content was about 19.0% regardless of cutting height.

Breeding of a Red Rose Cultivar, 'Noble Red' with Good Color and Shape (화형과 화색이 우수한 적색 스탠다드 장미 '노블레드' 육성)

  • Kim, Won-Hee;Kim, Seung-Tae;Lee, Eun-Kyung;Lee, Su-Young
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.280-283
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    • 2010
  • A new standard rose cultivar 'Noble Red' was bred by the cross between the pink standard cultivar 'Silba 87' and the red standard cultivar 'Bravo' at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science. The cross was made in 1999 and 'Noble Red' was finally selected in 2003 after investigating the characteristics such as flower Color, Fragrance, stem length, stem diameter, weight, and number of leaves for three years from 2001 to 2003. 'Noble Red', a red standard cultivar grows vigorously and has good flower shape. The major characteristics of this cultivar are $125stems/m^2/year$ in yield, 71.9 cm in length of cut flower, 6.0cm in flower diameter, 30.8 in petal number, and 9.2 days in vase life. This cultivar can be propagated by both cutting and grafting. The consumer's preference of this cultivar is relatively higher than that of control cultivar, 'Rote Rose'.

Effect of Topophysis and Uniting Method of Rootstock and Scion on Rooting and Subsequent Growth of Stenting-propagated (Cutting-grafted) Roses (접수의 채취부위 및 접수와 대목의 고정법에 따른 장미 접삽묘의 생육 특성)

  • Park, Yoo-Gyeong;Jeong, Byoung-Ryong
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.456-461
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    • 2010
  • A study was conducted to investigate the effect of topophysis, and uniting method of rootstock and scion on rooting and subsequent growth of stenting-propagated cut rose ($Rosa$ $hybrida$ Hort.) in an effort to develop an efficient stenting propagation method for domestic rose cultivars. Four cultivars used in this study were two standard type cultivars 'Sweet Yellow' and 'Hanmaum', and two spray type cultivars 'Chelsi' and 'May'. Scions were grafted on cuttings of a rootstock $Rosa$ $indica$ 'Major'. The stenting-propagated scion-rootstock unions were planted in rockwool cubes ($50{\times}50{\times}50mm$, Delta, Grodan, Denmark) and were placed in a graft-take chamber for five days before being placed on misted greenhouse beds. The rootstock was removed of all leaves and nodes. Both the base of scions and top of stocks were simultaneously cut at a $45^{\circ}$ angle for grafting. Scions were prepared as single node cuttings, each with a five-leaflet leaf. Three positions of topophysis used were 7-9th (top), 4-6th (middle), and 1st-3rd (bottom) nodes from the stem base. Four uniting materials used were tube, tube + parafilm wrap, tube + clothespin, and clothespin. Rooting and growth were affected by the topophysis and cultivar. The best topophysis for rooting was 7-9th (top) nodes in all cultivars. Topophysis affected percent rooting, and number of roots, length of the longest root, and but not weight, shoot length and graft-take. Rooting and growth were affected by the uniting method and cultivar. Tube uniting method generally showed higher percentage graft-take, percent rooting, and number of roots than other methods. However, rootstock and scion union was not complete in this treatment. On the whole, the greatest rooting and subsequent growth of stenting-propagated plants were found in the tube + clothespin method. Except 'Sweet Yellow', rooting and growth were not adequate in the clothespin method. The results suggested that a tube + clothespin method was the most effective, and this method may be used as a substitute to save labor compared to a tube + parafilm wrap method which is currently being used in commercial nurseries.

Morphological Traits of Selected Chestnut Races and its Propagation Studies (밤나무 우량품종(優良品種)의 형태학적(形態學的) 특징(特徵)과 증식(增殖)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Yim, Kyong-Bin;Kwon, Ki-Won
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.49-62
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    • 1974
  • 1. In the comparison of survival ratio among three different methods(bark graft, veneer graft, root graft), bark graft showed the highest survival ratio and root graft was the lowest. It was shown to be significant at the level of 5% in the analysis of variance for the results. It was able to be supposed that one of the main causes for the results was the different amounts of ferric tannic acid which was formated owing to the reaction of grafting knife with tannic acid oozing from cutting faces of the tree. In juvenile tissue graft, the survival ratio of inverted radicle graft was a little higher than that of juvenile stem graft, but there was no significant difference between two methods in analysis of variance. 2. The most hairs of chestnut tree leaves were recognized as stellates on the most part of leaves except for venation. The number of rays in the stellates was ranged from 4 to 8 generally. It was shown to be highly significant differences at the level of 1% among the each race growing at the similar environmental condition in the length of ray and the distributed ratio of the stellates having different ray number. 3. Excepting for the basal width of serration there were no significant differences between $Imakita_1$, $Imakita_2$ as well as between $Teteuchi_1$, $Teteuchi_2$ at the each point of experimental items in this study. Such results made this study more useful. 4. Among the races that were growing in the similar environmental condition, there were highly significant differences at the level of 1% in the length and the width of serration. 5. The rolling of hair, the angle of serration from the leaf margin, the existence of lateral vein in the serration, the intrusion of main vein into the serration and the width of main vein were observed to be somewhat useful as the subsidiary methods for the identification of chestnut races.

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The Literary Investigation On Types and Cooking Method of Bap (Boiled Rice) During Joseon Dynasty($1400's{\sim}1900's$) (조선시대 밥류의 종류와 조리방법에 대한 문헌적 고찰(1400년대${\sim}1900$년대까지))

  • Bok, Hye-Ja
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.721-741
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    • 2007
  • 1. For the types of boiled rice, there were 1 type of bap, 1 type of jebap cooked with glutinous rice, 13 types of boiled rice cooked by mixing grains and nuts such as daemakban, somakban, jobap, cheongryangmiban, jobap, gijangbap, yulmubap, hyeonmibap, boribap and patmulbap as well as patbap, congbap, byeolbap and bambap etc as ogokbap. Also, there were 12 types of bap cooked by mixing herb medicinal ingredients such as cheongjeong, oban, boksungabap, gumeunsaekbap, hwanggukgamchobap, yeongeunbap, okjeongbap, gogumabap, dububap, samssibap, dorajibap, gamjabap, songibap and jukshilbap. There were 7 types bap cooked as unique one bowl dish at the present as bapby mixing fish, meat, shellfish and milk as ingredients are hwangtang, gyejanggukbap, janggukbap, gulbap, kimchibap, chusaban and bibimbap, etc and the types of bap that have been analyzed are 34 total. 2. For the food ingredients used in bap types 23 types of miscellaneous grains, 5 types of nuts and 11 types of meat, 6 types of fish, 35 types of vegetables, 2 types of fruit including pears or peaches were used. Garlic wasn't used perhaps because of it being boiled rice 3. Types of Sap by Cooking Methods. (1) The ssalbap was cooked by first boiling water, putting in rice grains and boiling hard to be cooked as overcooked bap (rice). (2) The japgokbap (boiled cereals) has used buckwheat, barley job's tear, etc to be boiled down by soaking the ones with large grains (beans) first in advance to be boiled down or cooked by crushing into fine pieces. The red bean, etc was boiled down in advance or placed at the bottom of pot by cutting into two pieces while jujube or nut was cut into three pieces to cook the bap by pouring a lot of water and mixing other ingredients. (3) The gukbap (soup boiled rice), etc were cooked by squeezing out the yellow chrysanthemum that has dried chrysanthemum to cook the boiled rice by putting in rice and gukbap, meat or bones, etc were boiled down for a long time and decorated with meat or wild greens by mixing the bap in the meat juice. For gulbap (oyster boiled rice), etc, it was cooked as ingredients were stir fried in advance or washed and put in when the bap was about half cooked. (4) For bibimbap (mixed boiled rice), after the bap was overcooked first with rice, the wild greens were mixed lightly with bap beforehand, then the wild greens, decorations and garnishings were laid above rice and red pepper powder was sprinkled. (5) Namchok leaves, etc were boiled to cook the boiled rice with rice after being cooled while namchok stem and leaves were pounded to make juice and cooked the bap with rice. The peach, lotus root and yams were cut into fine pieces to be put in together when rice was about half done. The bellflower was soaked in water to be boiled down for a long time while potatoes and pine mushrooms, etc were cut into fine pieces to cook the bap (boiled rice) with rice.

Characteristics Comparison of Mutants Induced through Gamma Irradiation in 'Kardinal' Rose (감마선 조사로 유기한 장미 '카디날' 돌연변이체의 특성 비교)

  • Koh, Gab-Cheon
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.456-460
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    • 2011
  • This study was carried out to compare the pattern of mutant variation and to evaluate the characteristics of mutants obtained by gamma irradiation in rose 'Kardinal'. Forty four rooted cuttings of 'Kardinal' were irradiated at 70 Gy gamma-ray dose from a $^{60}Co$ source to induce mutants in 2002. The irradiated plants were planted in field, and observed spotting of petal color mutants from 2002 to 2004. Four different kinds of mutant twigs with each different color flower were obtained from the irradiated 'Kardinal' with red petal. After being identified to be a stable mutant from 2004 to 2008, each mutant line propagated by cutting was hydroponic-cultured to evaluate the characteristics in the greenhouse from 2008 to 2009. Four mutant lines obtained from 'Kardinal' with red petal (Red group, 44A, 45B) include KA1 with light pink petal (Red group, 55B-55D), KA2 with pink petal (Red group, 63A-63B), KA3 with deep pink (Red purple, N57A-N57C), and KA4 with orange red (Red group, 43A-43B). Diameters of each flower in four mutant lines were different from 'Kardinal'. The line KA1 was 9.5 cm wide, and it showed the smallest diameter when compared to other mutants. While the line KA2 was the largest one with 12.5 cm 'Kardinal'. Petal number per flower was also variable among the mutants. The line KA2 had 39.8 petals being the largest number among the mutants, while the line KA1 was the lowest one compared to 35.5 petals of 'Kardinal'. Petal color was measured by using colorimeter. Brightness (L) measured at each petal of four mutants increased more than 'Kardinal'. CIE Lab values, a and b decreased more than 'Kardinal' at the petal color of three mutants except the line KA4. Characteristics of shoot, leaf, etc. from four mutants were also different from the ones of 'Kardinal'. The line KA1 was shortest in shoot, node and peduncle length, and lowest in prickle number. The reverse side of leaves was reddish green color in 'Kardinal' as well as the line KA4, but green color in the line KA1, KA2, and KA3.

A Study on the Useful Trend of Plants Related to Landscape and How to Plant and Cultivate Through 'ImwonGyeongjaeji(林園經濟志)' ('임원경제지'를 통해 본 식물의 이용경향과 종예법(種藝法))

  • Shin, Sang-Sup
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.45 no.4
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    • pp.140-157
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    • 2012
  • The result of a study on the useful trend of plants related to landscape and how to plant and cultivate through 'ImwonGyeongjaeji Manhakji'of Seoyugu is as follows: First, 'ImwonGyeongjaiji Manhakji', composed of total 5 volumes (General, Fruit trees, vegetables and creeper, plants, others) is a representative literature related to landscape which described the names of plants and varieties, soil condition, how to plant and cultivate, graft, how to prevent the insect attack etc systematically. Second, he recorded the tree planting as Jongjae(種栽) or Jaesik(栽植), and the period to plant the trees as Jaesusihoo(栽樹時候), transplanting as Yijae(移栽), making the fence as Jakwonri(作園籬), the names of varietieis as Myeongpoom(名品), the suitable soil as Toeui(土宜), planting and cultivation as Jongye(種藝), treatment as Euichi(醫治), protection and breeding as Hoyang(護養), garden as Jeongwon(庭園) or Wonpo(園圃), garden manager as Poja(圃者) or Wonjeong(園丁). Third, the appearance frequency of plants was analyzed in the order of flowers, fruits, trees, and creepers and it showed that the gravity of deciduous trees was 3.7 times higher than that of evergreen trees. The preference of flower and trees, fruit trees and deciduous trees and broad-leaved trees includes (1) application of the species of naturally growing trees which are harmonized with the natural environment (2) Aesthetic value which enables to enjoy the beauty of season, (3) the trend of public welfare to take the flowers and fruits, (4) the use of symbolic elements based on the value reference of Neo-Confucianism etc. Fourth, he suggested the optimal planting period as January(上時) and emphasized to transplant by adding lots of fertile soil and cover up the seeds with soil as high as they are buried in accordance with the growing direction and protect them with a support. That is, considering the fact that he described the optimal planting period as January by lunar calendar, this suggests the hints in judging the planting period today. For planting the seeds, he recommended the depth with 1 chi(寸 : approx. 3.3cm), and for planting a cutting, he recommended to plant the finger-thick branch with depth 5 chi(approx. 16.5cm) between January and February. In case of graft of fruit trees, he described that if used the branch stretched to the south, you would get a lot of fruit and if cut the branches in January, the fruits would be appetizing and bigger. Fifth, the hedge(fence tree) is made by seeding the Jujube tree(Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis) in autumn densely and transplanting the jujube tree with 1 ja(尺 : approx. 30cm) interval in a row in next autumn and then binding them with the height of 7 ja(approx. 210cm) in the spring of next year. If planted by mixing a Elm tree(Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) and a Willow(Salix koreensis), the hedge whose branch and leaves are unique and beautiful like a grating can be made. For the hedge(fence tree), he recommended Trifoliolate orange(Poncitus trifoliata), Rose of sharon(Hibiscus syriacus), Willow(Salix koreensis), Spindle tree(Euonymus japonica), Cherry tree(Prunus tomentosa), Acanthopanax tree(Acanthopanax sessiliflorus), Japanese apricot tree(Prunus mume), Chinese wolf berry(Lycium chinense), Cornelian tree(Cornus officinalis), Gardenia(Gardenia jasminoides for. Grandiflora), Mulberry(Morus alba), Wild rosebush(Rosa multiflora) etc.

Variation of Genus Ilex in Korea and their Ornamental Values (Ilex속(屬) 수목(樹木)의 유전변이(遺傳變異)의 분석(分析)과 조경학적(造景學的) 이용가치(利用價値)의 조사(調査) 연구(硏究))

  • Yim, Kyong Bin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.1-38
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    • 1979
  • The woody species of Genus Ilex which are endemic to Korea are distributed on limited area due to solely temperature factor. There is some differences according to species, however in general, the evergreen Ilex are found along southern coastal area of Korean Peninsula and near islands where the cold index does not exceed $-5^{\circ}C$. But Ilex macropoda and the variety, only deciduous ones, are grown in temperate zone of the peninsula and some islands. The list of Ilex species of Korea are as follows. Ilex cornuta Lindley et Pax., I. crenata Thunb. var. microphylla Max., I. crenata Thunb., I. rotunda Thunb., I. macropoda Miq., I. macropoda Miq. var. pseudo-macropoda Loensner, I. integra Thunb. The author surveyed the populations of Ilex species as many as possible and data of some characters such as leaf shape, spine, fruit shape, stomata density, sex ratio in natural communities, etc. are collected. Almost all the Ilex species in Korea show sporadic distribution. This means quite small sized populations isolate distantly each other eliminating the change of gene exchange in between. Particularly Ilex conuta and I. crenata show the morphological differentiation among populations as well as significant individual variation within a population. These were true with such characteristics, leaf shape, leaf dimension, leaf margin, fruit shape, spine, and stomata density. The founded are that the fruit length and the stomata density counted on the beneath surface of leaves of Ilex cornuta increased with the decrease of latitude. These are naturally closely related with the cold index values. The table shown below indicates the correlation between mean stomata density per $0.3642mm^2$ and cold index values. These relation however were not observed on Ilex crenata. The most dominated natured in relation to individual variation were outline of leaf, the number of marginal spine, the shape of leaf cross section and the degree of luster of the upper leaf surface. As shown in photos 5~7, these variations are agreed at a glance. There are reports that the development of marginal spines in some Ilex species is associated with the juvenility and topophysis. In present study, these two factors were neglected because of the intended sampling procedure. Of Ilex rotunda, population difference with the characteristics of leaf length is recognized but not for leaf width, petiole length, and fruit size. However, individual variations within a population were significantly large. In case of Ilex integra, only individual differences within population were calculated statistically for such characteristics as leaf length, leaf width, and petiole length. As to natural population, the sex ratio was 1:2 (female to male) for Ilex cornuta, and 1:1 for Ilex crenata. The tendency of more male than female in I. cornuta was agreed to other observations. Preparing the tip cutting of length 10cm, and treating with IBA, then attaching earth ball to the cut end, very successful rooting percentages were obtained. Asexual propagation has the advantages of maintaining the heterozygosity of existing varieties and overcoming the difficulties of delayed seed germination frequently encountered with Ilex species. Considering a great deal of variation in morphological traits, a good possibility of selection breeding for decorative and ornamental purposes exists. At present, these evergreen Ilex are ignored by local people as nuisance weedy shrubs. So the proper protection measures should promptly be taken.

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