• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.135-135
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• 2015

Tubes are of extreme importance in industries as for fluid channels or wave guides. Furthermore, some weapon systems such as cannons use the tubes as gun barrels. To increase the service life of such tubes, a protective coating must be applied to the tubes' inner surface. However, the coating methods applicable to the inner surface of the tubes are very limited due to the geometrical restriction. A small-diameter cylindrical magnetron sputtering gun can be used to deposit coating layers on the inner surface of the large-bore tubes. However, for small-bore tubes with the inner diameter of one inch (~25 mm), the magnetron sputtering method can hardly be accommodated due to the space limitation for permanent magnet assembly. In this study, a new approach to coat the inner surface of small-bore tubes with the inside diameter of one inch was developed. Instead of using permanent magnets for magnetron operation, an external electro-magnet assembly was adopted around the tube to confine the plasma and to sustain the discharge. The electro-magnet was operated in pulse mode to provide the strong axial magnetic field for the magnetron operation, which was synchronized with the negative high-voltage pulse applied to the water-cooled coaxial sputtering target installed inside the tube. By moving the electro-magnet assembly along the tube's axial direction, the inner surface of the tube could be uniformly coated. The inner-surface coating system in this study used the tube itself as the vacuum chamber. The SS-304 tube's inner diameter was 22 mm and the length was ~1 m. A water-cooled Cu tube (sputtering target) of the outer diameter of 12 mm was installed inside of the SS tube (substrate) at the axial position. The 50 mm-long electro-magnet assembly was fed by a current pulse of 250 A at the frequency and pulse width of 100 Hz and 100 usec, respectively. The calculated axial magnetic field strength at the center was ~0.6 Tesla. The central Cu tube was synchronously driven by a HiPIMS power supply at the same frequency of 100 Hz as the electro-magnet and the applied pulse voltage was -1200 V with a pulse width of 500 usec. At 150 mTorr of Ar pressure, the Cu deposition rate of ~10 nm/min could be obtained. In this talk, a new method to sputter coat the inner surface of small-bore tubes would be presented and discussed, which might have broad industrial and military application areas.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2007

Although Energy demands of modern society increase rapidly, current energy would be exhausted shortly. Therefore development of bio-ethanol production process from cellulose containing materials was extremly demanded. Therefore development of highly functional cellulase is requisite for this purpose. In this study cellobio-hydrolase (CBH1) gene from Trichorderma reesei was used to increase cellulase activity by directed evolution and highly functional cellobio-hydrolase was obtained and characterized.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.61-79
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• 2000

This study to study and analyze the current state of infancy breast-feeding ＆ practice and related factors and to provide basic data for the effective practice of breast-feeding and breast-feeding percentage improvement. For the object, 474 mothers of the infants who were born between Jan. 1, 1998 and Dec. 31, 1998 were selected, and the survey period ＆ method were from Oct. 15, 1999 through Nov. 14, 1999 (1 month period) and telephone interview, respectively. To examine by month breast-feeding type, the average breast-feeding percentage in 1 month after a child's birth was 42.4%, but after 6 month it decreased to 23.0%. To see breast-feeding percentage by academic background, the breast-feeding of elementary school graduated mothers was 33.3%, which was highest, and it decreased as the academic background of mothers went better (p〈0.01). By employment state, the percentage for the mothers who were not employed was higher (24.6%) than that of those who were employed at the time, which was 8.0% (p〈0.001). There was no meaningful difference found in breast-feeding percentage by infant mothers age, delivery place, infant sex, child order in family, weight at the time of birth. To examine breast-feeding percentage by delivery method, natural delivery was 27.0% which was higher than 13.1% of Caesarean section (p〈0.01), and by breast-feeding experience before leaving the hospital, 35.6% of those who have breast-fed were breast-feeding while it was 16.4% for those who never did it while in the hospital (p〈0.001). After conducting logistics multi return analysis having breast-feeding percentage as a variable at the time of 6 months after babys birth, I found that infant mothers employment state, delivery method, and breast-feeding experience before leaving the hospital become meaningful variables. As unemployed mothers (p〈0.05), as chose natural delivery (p〈0.05), as experienced breast-feeding before leaving the hospital (p〈0.001), there was more tendency to do breast-feeding. Summing the above results, I would like to suggest the following to raise breast-feeding percentage. Firstly, systematic education about the importance and advantages of breast-feeding and correct breast-feeding method should be practised for women. Secondly, vacation before and after childbirth for working women should be practised and the support of systems for working womens breast-feeding such as installation of nursery in work place are needed. Thirdly, continuous publicity and education for natural delivery inducement is necessary, and for the ones who chose Caesarean section, recommendation of breast-feeding is also needed. Fourth, for breast-feeding within fastest time after delivery, rooming-in required and legal and systematic support is also needed. Lastly, in the governmental level, publicity for breast-feeding and breast-feeding recommending programs that promotes 10 rules for successful breast-feeding bringing-up, provided by UNISEF and WHO, are to be provided.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.295-304
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• 2000

Vertical measurement of CTDT at about 30 min intervals and spatial surface temperature, salinity, and concentration of suspended particulate matters were conducted to elucidate the character of water column and the dispersal pattern in a floating ice-dominated fjord, Marian Cove, West Antarctica. Marian Cove showed two distinct water layers in terms of turbidity; 1) cold, fresh, and turbid surface plume in the upper 2 m,2) warm, saline, and relatively clean Maxwell Bay inflow between 15-45 m in water depth. Thermal melting of Maxwell Bay inflow and tidewater glacier/floating ices developed the surface mixed layer and the activity of floating ices cause Maxwell Bay inflow to be unstable. Due to the unstable water column, the development of Maxwell Bay inflow and subsequent surface plume are not influenced by tidal frequency. Coastal current generated by strong northwesterly wind may extend warm, saline, and turbid surface plume into the central part of the cove along the northern coast via the western coast of Weaver Peninsula. Terrigenous sediments of meltwaters from the glaciated ice cliffs near the corner of tidewater glacier and some coasts enter into the cove and their dispersion depends upon the hydrographic regimes (tide, wind, wave etc.). At the period of spring tide, the strong wind stress with the northwesterly wind direction reserve suspended sediment-fed surface plume and so allow the possibility of deposition of terrigenous sediments within the basin of cove.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2002.09b
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• pp.5-56
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• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.348-353
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• 2003

Generally, two different types of fructose polymer are found in nature. One is inulin, whose fructosyl residues are linked mainly by a ${\beta}-(2,1)-linkage$, while the other is high-molecular-weight levan, whose fructosyl residues are linked mainly by a ${\beta}-(2,6)-linkage$. In contrast to the extensive studies on the prebiotic properties of inulin, there has been no report on the effect of levan on the large bowel microflora in viva. Therefore, to examine whether dietary levan can be used as a prebiotic, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed one of two diets for 3 weeks: 1) basal diet plus sucrose; 2) basal diet plus 10% (wt/wt) levan. The cecal bowel mass, cecal and colon short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), pH, and microflora were then compared. The intake of the levan-containing diet significantly increased the total cecal weight and wall weight. The analyses of the SCFAs in the cecal and colonic contents revealed that levan was converted into acetate, butyrate, and lactate, which resulted in acidic conditions. The intake of levan also significantly increased the total number of microorganisms by 5-fold and lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) 30-fold in the feces. Accordingly, the current work shows that levan can be used as a prebiotic for stimulating the growth of LAB in an animal model.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 1998

The prevalence of iron deficiency in later infancy and the toddler years(25% to 40% at 1 year of age) has not decreased remarkably , except in Western countries. The purpose of this study was to 1) determine the relationship between current feeding practices and iron status, and 2) assess compliance to infant feeding instructions. Two groupsof infants were examined. The first group of 302 infants aged 6 to 24months was seen at a well baby clinic while the second group of 135 infants of the same age group was assessed by venipuncture. Cutoff values for laboratory tests were as follows ; hemoglobin<11g/dL, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) <72fl ; red cell distribution width(RDW)>15% ; serum ferritin level<10ng/ml ; and transferrin saturation (serum iron(TIBC)<10%. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was made when a low hemoglobin level was associated with either low ferritin orlow transferrin saturation . Of the 302 children brought to the well baby clinic , 12.3%(n=37) were found to have anemia (hemoglobin<11.0/dL). In terms of children grouped according to feeding practices, it was found that children with anemial comprised 32.0% (24/75) of the prolonged breast-fed group (Group A), significantly more than the 4.0%(7/176) of the artificial milk feeding group(Group B). and 3.9%(2/51) of the switched from breast milk to iron -fortified weaning foods group(Group C).Among the 107 children with IDA , iron deficiency in 105 children(98.1%) was suggested by their dietary histories ; exclusive or prolonged breast-feeding for more than 6 months without iron fortification in 98 infants ; cow's milk consumption> 500ml/day without iron fortification during infancy(n=12), or >800ml without iron-fortified foods after infancy(n=15) ; and the use of unfortified forumula or unbalanced diets, mainly limited to rice gruel. Despite the relatively high (79.6%) motivation on the part of the infants mothers and supervison by professional personnel, the poor results in the infants receiving iron fortified foods were due to poor compliance(85.75). Among the mothers of 98 IDA patients who were contacted by telephone , it was revealed that 29% did not give the oral iron preparation for more than 2 months. Furthermore, negligence or disregard by the parents occurred in 14% of the case , discontinuance of the oral iron preparation by the parents due to side effects occurred in 6%, and the children's refusal or poor oral intake and no further trial occurred in 6%. The dietary history of a large group of infants was highly predictive of their risk for anemia . Continued consumption of breast milk until the age of 1 year is not warranted unless iron-fortified foods are given concomitantly. Because there is a problem with compliance, more successful and safe strategies for preventing iron deficiency woold included dual coverage in the from of therapeutic iron supplementation as well use of iron-fortified foods for teddlers who are at risk of iron deficiency.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.896-905
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• 2004

In this paper, the design, fabrication and experiment on a planar array antenna with a flat-topped radiation pattern for a mobile base station antenna were described. The current distribution of an antenna aperture, which is easily realizable in a feeding network compared with the conventional one of sin(x)/x was optimized for shaping a desired flat-topped radiation pattern. The planar array antenna designed in this paper has a rectangular lattice and is composed of array elements of 16${\times}$8. Each radiating element, which is a microstrip element fed coaxially, has a linear vertical polarization and the feed network which use a Wilkinson power divider and a 180$^{\circ}$ ring hybrid coupler as a base element is designed. The flat-topped radiation pattern with 90$^{\circ}$ is shaped by 16 array elements with the element spacing of 0.55 λ$_{ο}$ in the azimuth plane, and the normal radiation pattern with 10$^{\circ}$ is shaped by 8 array elements with the element spacing of 0.65 λ$_{ο}$ in the elevation plane. Also, the planar array antenna is symmetrically divided into four parts. It consists of one hundred-twenty-eight radiating elements, thirty-two 1-4 column dividers, low 1-8 row dividers and one 1-4 input power divider. In order to verify electrical performances of the planar way antenna proposed in this paper, the experimental breadboard operated in tile band of 1.92～2.17 GHz(IMT2000 band) was fabricated, and its experimental results were a good agreement with simulation ones.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1507-1519
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• 2020

Objective: The current research was aimed to profile the transcriptomic picture of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) associated with immunity in Chinese Holsteins supplemented orally with coated folic acid during the periparturient period. Methods: The total of 123 perinatal cows were selected for this study and divided into three groups; group A (n = 41, 240 mg/500 kg cow/d), group B (n = 40, 120 mg/500 kg cow/d) and group C (n = 42, 0 mg/cow/d) based on the quantity of folic acid fed. Three samples of PBLs were selected from each folic acid treated group (high, low, and control) and RNA sequencing method was carried out for transcriptomic analysis. Results: The analysis revealed that a higher number of genes and pathways were regulated in response to high and low folic acid supplementation compared to the controls. We reported the novel pathways tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, antigen processing and presentation, Staphylococcus aureus infection and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B signaling pathways) and the key genes (e.g. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, TNF receptor superfamily member 1A, cluster difference 4, major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta, NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha, and TNF superfamily 13) having great importance in immunity and anti-inflammation in the periparturient cows in response to coated folic acid treatment. Conclusion: Collectively, our study profiled first-time transcriptomic analysis of bovine lymphocytes and compared the involved cytokines, genes, and pathways between high vs control and low vs control. Our data suggest that the low folic acid supplementation (120 mg/500 kg) could be a good choice to boost appropriate immunity and anti-inflammation as well as might being applied to the health improvement of perinatal dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1833-1839
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• 2018

Objective: Incorporating high fibre ingredients into pig diets has the potential to reduce odour emissions from of pigs. The current study was carried out to determine effect of diets containing 0, 80 and 160 g/kg of each of lucerne hay, maize cobs and sunflower husks on the chemical characteristics and odours from pig slurries. Methods: Twenty eight pigs averaging $18{\pm}2.0kg$ were kept in individual cages, over four weeks. All pigs were fed ad libitum. Faeces and urine were collected, mixed in a 1:2.3 ratio (w/w), stored and fermented for 16 days in a temperature controlled room at $22^{\circ}C{\pm}2.3^{\circ}C$. The slurry was sampled twice (on day 1 and on day 16) of the fermentation period and analysed for pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration, on wet basis. All samples were tested for odour offensiveness using 18 panelists. A scale of 1 to 5 was used to rank the odour severity, (1 = not offensive, 5 = extremely offensive). Results: Slurry pH and COD varied with fibre source (p<0.05). On day 16, COD for lucerne hay, sunflower husk and maize cobs were 369, 512, and 425 (standard error of the mean = 34.2) mg of oxygen per litre. Total SCFA concentration was higher at day 16 than day 1 (p<0.05). Odour offensiveness varied with fibre source across both incubation periods (p<0.05). Sunflower husks and lucerne hay-based diets were rated as less offensive (mean rank = 2.2) than maize cob diets (mean rank of 4.3) (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that different fibre sources and incubation period influence chemical composition and odour of the slurry. There is, thereby, a need to incorporate locally available fibrous feeds in the diet of pigs because they have an economical and environmental relevance to pig management.