• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2019

Bronzes excavated from a Gulsansa temple site in Gangneung were investigated in order to study the production of technology and provenance in this area. The bronze artifacts were discovered to consist of copper-tin or copper-tin-lead alloys using chemical analysis(EDS and EPMA). The excavated bronzes were manufactured using a casting or hammering process, and a bronze belt was gilded with gold foil. The provenance of 25 bronzes was studied using lead isotope analysis(TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS). The results reveal the use of raw materials found near the excavated site. The object of this study was to investigate the manufacturing techniques and provenance in Gangneung without the need for a lot of data. Our results will contribute to the study of Gulsansa and bronze artifacts in Goryo(12-13th century).

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

Two pieces of choson-Tongue(朝鮮通寶) minted at 1423 A.D. were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis. The measurement of lead isotope ratios was also carried out in order to predict the provenance of raw materials used for minting. The Chosen-Tongue was minted as bronze having the chemical compositions of $Cu\;90\%,\;Pb\;3\~4\%,\;Sn\;2\~3\%$, which were different from the typical composition of Chinese and Japanese coins. The results of lead isotope ratios showed that the provenance of raw materials used for minting had a possibility to be originated from South China. And application of statistical linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) to the provenance of lead used for minting of Chosen-Tongue was confirmed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2016

Lead isotope ratio of bronze artifacts excavated from Dongchon Site in Sunchang have determined by TIMS. As results of comparison lead isotope ratio of bronze objects with the provenance data of galenas of Korea, China, and Japan, the provenance of three material of bronze objects were turned out to originate from the southern and northern part of China. On the other hands, data were plotted either in zone 3 of the South Korean galena map. The results of these scientific analysis of bronze objects can be used as basic data in comparison researches on manufacturing technology, provenance of bronze objects to be found in the future.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-60
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• 2010

This study was investigated quantitative and objective making techniques for molding clay of Four-guardian statues in Songgwangsa temple. Also, basic data about the provenance of molding clay was acquired for the restoration using same materials when the conservation treatment is carried out. As a result, molding clay used the Four-guardian statues was identified the very similar soil regardless of layers and objects. But molding clay differed in particle sizes and contents of organic matters according to the first layer to finish layer in relatively thick parts. Also, it was used one kind of soil without the layer distinction in thin parts. The restoration soil was applied to genetically similar soil as molding clay of the Four-guardian statues, and showed a difference of careful selection degree according to the layers. As a result of the provenance interpretation, the soil distributing presumed provenance was confirmed the same origin as molding clay. Therefore, the soil is appropriate for the materials of conservation treatment. This result will contribute inorganic material research and conservation treatment for the clay molded Four-guardian statues in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.174-193
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• 2012

This study focused on distribution ratio of stone properties based on material characteristic analysis, provenance presumption and transportation route interpretation of the Sungnyemun stone block foundation. The stone block foundation is composed of pinkish granite (56.0%), reddish granite (4.5%) and leucocratic granite (26.2%) of original stones and pinkish granite of new stones(13.3%). The rock-forming minerals for granites are consisted mainly of quartz, alkali-feldspar, plagioclase and biotite, and are similar geochemical evolution trend of major, rare earth, compatible and incompatible elements. Therefore, it is clear that the rocks are genetically same origin. As a result of magnetic susceptibility measurement, the pinkish and reddish granite of original stones and pinkish granite of new stones showed normal distribution around about 4.00(${\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$). But the leucocratic granite of original stones were confirmed ilmenite series under about 1.00(${\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$). As a result of provenance interpretation and transportation route analysis based on the petrological results, the provenance of pinkish granite and reddish granite of original stones are presumed the north slope in Namsan mountain and Naksan mountain. Also, the leucocratic granite of original stones and the pinkish granite of new stones are strongly possible furnished from the south and north slope in Namsan mountain and Naksan mountain, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.48-57
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• 2014

More than 30 lead beads have been excavated from buddhist temples and sites but the production times are unknown the origin. The aim of this study is to estimate manufacturing technique and provenance of 11 beads through the chemical composition and isotope analysis. Results shows that the lead beads are composed of high-purity lead and cast using for 2 semicircle moulds. Furthermore, 11 lead beads are similar in size, chemical composition and casting methods. Lead isotope analysis data suggest that the provenance of lead beads are not Korea peninsula. Also it is estimated that 11 lead beads were divided in 2 groups considering the time and places of production. The future works will be executed additional scientific analysis and historical background due to confirm the manufacturing system and provenance.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.20-21
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• 2007

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2018

This study investigated manufacturing technique and provenance of the Gilt-bronze Seated Bhaisajyaguru (Medicine Buddha) Statue of Janggoksa Temple. The statue had the following : Cu(68.8%)-Sn(10.4%)-Pb(17.1%), it is similar to other medium or large Buddha statue. As results of comparison lead isotope ratio of sample with the provenance data were plotted in zone 3 of the South Korean galena map. According to this result of Bronze Buddha could be made into galena of the located in same area the temple. The results of this study were compared with the Bronze Bodhisattva statue of Goseongsa Temple. The manufacturing techniques were different based on the characteristics of Buddha statues and thus could be made into galena of the located in same area the temple.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Lead isotope ratios in horse-shaped bronze buckles excavated from the Songjeol-dong site in Cheongju and the mid-western region of the Korean Peninsula have been determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The lead isotope ratios of the samples with data provenance were plotted in zone 3 of the South Korean galena map. The results indicated that the horse-shaped bronze buckles could be made using galena located in the same area as the archaeological site. These results can be used as basic data for comparison purposes in future studies on the manufacturing technology and provenance of bronze artifacts.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.475-499
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• 2023

To infer the provenance of raw iron materials utilized in iron production at the archaeological sites in Gyeongsang province, petrographic and geochemical analyses were conducted for smelting samples and major iron ores sourced from ore deposits. The smelting samples excavated from various iron archaeological sites were classified into different types according to their refining processes, such as iron bloom, iron bloom slag, pig iron, pig iron slag, forging iron flake, smithery iron, iron flake, and arrowhead. These samples exhibited discernable differences in their mineralogical components and texture. The enrichments of major elements such as aluminum and calcium in silicate minerals of the residual slags and the high contents of trace elements such as nickel and copper in some iron-making relics reflect the characteristics of raw iron ores, and thus can be regarded as potential indicators for inferring the provenance of source materials. In particular, the compositional ranges of Pb-Sr isotope ratios for the iron smelting samples were classified into three categories: 1) those exhibiting similar ratios to those of the raw iron ores, 2) those enriched in strontium isotope ratio, and 3) those enriched in both lead and strontium isotope ratios. The observed distinct Pb-Sr isotope characteristics in the iron smelting samples suggest the potential contribution of specific additives being introduced during the high-temperature refining process. These results provide a new perspective on the interpretation of the provenance study of the iron archaeological samples in Gyeongsang province, particularly in terms of the potential contribution of additives on the refining process.