• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 1983

This experiment was conducted to study a cause of lodging on culm internode. The rice varieties were undergone on injuries by typo on 'Agnes' on Jeonbug Provincial in 1981 year. Long-culmed varieties had extreme lodging injury but short-culmed varieties were not serious. The lodging had weaken tolerance when culm internode was long, weight of internode per unit length was light, and culm diameter and culm wall were thin. The breaking weight of internode was light in lodging rice field. The internode length and the weight of internode per unit length between the breaking weight of internode had significant correlation. Lodging had high tolerance when the total nitrogen was low, phosphate, silica, cellulose and starch contents were high in internode. The difference of culm length and the weight of internode per unit length was high relationship with lodging.h lodging.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2018

Bamboo culm comprises internodes and nodes and is tapered from the bottom to the top. Anatomically, bamboo culm comprises vascular bundles and parenchymal base tissue. The gross anatomical structure of a transverse section of any culm internode is determined by the shape, size, arrangement, and number of vascular bundles. The purpose of this research was to examine the morphology of culm and the distribution and shape of vascular bundles in Ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Bamboo culms were harvested from the base. Test samples were obtained from a central 2-cm long segment of each internode across the entire length of the culm. Results showed an uneven spread of vascular bundles in the internode cross-section. Transitioning from the outer to the inner layer of the internode, the number of vascular bundles per unit area decreased and their shape was variable. The size of vascular bundles in the middle layer of the internode was greater than that of those in the outer and inner layers. The shape of vascular bundles was circular in the outer layer, which gradually transformed into vertical oval toward the middle layer and horizontal oval toward the inner layer. Vascular bundles were of type III and IV in the bottom of the culm and type III in the middle to the top of the culm.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 1983

This experiment was conducted to study a cause of lodging on culm internode. The rice varieties were undergone on injuries by typo on 'Agnes' on Jeonbug Provincial in 1981 year. Long-culmed varieties had extreme lodging injury but short-culmed varieties were not serious. The lodging had weaken tolerance when culm internode was long, weight of internode per unit length was light, and culm diameter and culm wall were thin. The breaking weight of internode was light in lodging rice field. The internode length and the weight of internode per unit length between the breaking weight of internode had significant correlation. Lodging had high tolerance when the total nitrogen was low, phosphate, silica, cellulose and starch contents were high in internode. The difference of culm length and the weight of internode per unit length was high relationship with lodging.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the fiber length, fiber width and fiber thickness on the longitudinal direction by the parts of culm and also specific gravity in air dry, dyna.mic mechanical properties and internal frictions by the internode and the node in Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis and Phllostachys edulis which were grown in Korea. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The variations of fiber length and fiber width on the longitudinal direction had a tendency to increase slightly from the butt and then to decrease toward the top. but there was not a definite variation for fiber thickness according to the parts of culm. 2. The specific gravity in air dry of internode was increased from the butt toward the top, but the specific gravity in air dry of node was not correlations with the parts of culm. 3. Dynamic Young's modulus of internode on the longitudinal direction was increased according to the heights of culms within each species, and there were in order of P. edulis P. nigra var. henonis and P. bambusoides. 4. Correation coefficients between the specific gravity and the dynamic Young's modulus were 0.837 in P. bambusoides 0.871 in P. nigra var. henonis and 0.935 in P. edulis and there was also highly significant for dynamic Young's modulus between the specific gravities in air dry. 5. There were not correlations between the internal frictions and the parts of internode.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate a potential utilitization of multivariate statistical analysis(Factor analysis, Discrimination analysis) on interpretation of rice plant lodging reason. Rice plants were sampled in paddy around Taegu city at from 25 to 29 of September in 2000. Mineral nutrient content(phosphate, potassium) of rice plant were significantly higher at 99% level, Silicate content were lower at 95% level in lodged samples than in normal. Plant characteristics associate with lodging(Culm length, second and third internode length, bight of center gravity) were significantly longer in lodged rice plant than in non lodged. Result of Factor analysis were that first principle component were culm length, second(N2) and third internode length(N3), second principle component were Ca content, first internode length(N1) and N3/culm length, third principle component were center gravity length(G) and G/culm length, fourth were nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium content, fifth were N2/culm length, N2+N3/culm length, Sixth was silicate content of rice plant. Linear discriminant equation distinguished lodged rice plants with non lodged rice plants very well. Prediction value was 100%, most explainable variable were phosphate content, culm length and third length.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.236-241
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• 1988

The responses of GA$_3$ treatment on the culm length, internode elongation, number of internodes elongated and on the panicle length of 115 Japonica rice cultivars were studied. One spray with 50 ppm GA$_3$ was made at about 30 days before heading. Generally short culm cultivars showed better elongation responses than taller ones and a few taller cultivars showed reduced culm length. The internode length of 1st, 5th, 6th and 7th were increased, but, 2nd, 3rd and 4th internodes were reduced. Especially the reduction of 3rd internode elongation and the increase of 5th internode length was prominent. Most of the tested cultivars showed no changes in the number of internodes elongated, but, in some cultivars it was increased and in a few ones it was reduced. The effect on the panicle length was variable depending cultivars. No significant correlation was found between the culm length elongation and the elongation of panicle length, implying that the response of GA$_3$ on the culm and on the panicle is independent of each other. According the response of culm length elongation tested cultivars were grouped into 6 ; Significantly reducing, slightly reducing, less sensitive, slightly elongating, largely elongating and extremely elongating.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 1980

Seven different rice cultivars treated with different levels of gibberellic acid (0, 10, 50 and 100 PPM GA3) at panicle initiation stage. showed retardation effect on the panicle length and the 2nd internode from the top, where as, the total culm lengths were remarkably elongated, about 50-120% in short varieties and about 10-15% in the tall varieties over the control, mainly, because of the lower internodes elongation. The 2nd internode of Gamadi variety from Nepal was almost entirely shortened with GA3 application.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.29-35
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• 1971

Various types of short culm rice mutants were obtained by means of gamma-ray irradiation. In the present paper morphological observation and analysis of silicate content of the mutants are reported. 1. Short culm type had more useful characters than bushy and dwarf types. 2. In short culm and bushy types the number of nodes both above and under ground was similar to the mother varieties, while in dwarf type it decreased. 3. In short culm types the variation of length of above-ground culm and internodes tended to vary relattive to the mother varieties. 4. Positive correlation was found between culm length and the first and fourth internode length in short culm type. 5. Silicate content increased in short culm type-the increment being variety specific.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.248-252
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• 1999

This study examined the effects of growth retardants and midsummer drainage on lodging-related characters in direct seeding rice culture on flooded paddy surfaces. Treatments included in this study were continuous flooding, two time midsummer drainages (TTD), and inabenfide or trinexapac-ethyl application after TTD. Culm length was reduced most by 11.4cm in trinexapac-ethyl treatment after TTD, followed by 4.1cm in inabenfide treatment after TTD compared to TTD treatment. A significant reduction in culm length occurred at the 3rd internode in inabenfide treatment applied at 40 days before heading (DBH), while trinexapac-ethyl application at 8 DBH reduced the 3rd>2nd>1st internode. The culm diameter of the 4th internode was increased by the application of trinexapac-ethyl following TTD compared to TTD treatment. Thickness of culm wall was significantly increased by trinexapac-ethyl but not by inabenfide applications. Lodging index was the highest in continuous flooding and the lowest in trinexapac-ethyl treatment after TTD. Subsequently, field lodging did not occur in plots treated by trinexapac-ethyl. Rice plants subjected to midsummer drainage or growth retardants showed higher ripened grain ratio and 1000-grain weight, resulting in higher rice yield. These results indicate that trinexapac-ethyl, which can be applied at the relatively later growth stage after proper judgement of lodging occurrence, could be a useful tool for reducing lodging in direct seeding rice culture on flooded paddy fields.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 1990

This experiment was carried out to obtain basic information on the lodging characteristics and yield components of rice plants by new anti-lodging reagent 'KIM-112' (3%, Wp) application at 30 days before heading (DBH) to 5 DBH under two dosage levels (lg 2g, a. i. /10a) at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station in 1989. Culm length was shortened by 10-17% at 1g, a. i. /10a and by 16-23% at 2g of KIM -112 applications. The shortening effect of internode was different by dosages and application times: 2g treatment was greater effect than 19 and early application resulted in shortening of lower internode while this was upper internode at the late application. There were positive correlation between culm length and lodging index, the 1st and the 4th internode lengths had on important effect to lodging index. Thickness of culm wall, culm diameter and weight of basal part of culm were not affected by KIM-112 application. However anti-lodging characters improved by increasing the breaking weight and by decreasing the moment. Lodging index was related to breaking weight, moment and weight of panicle. Heading date by KIM-112 application was delayed one to four days and number of grains per panicle was decreased by shortened panicle length as compared with untreated control, but yield capacity was high a little because of improvement ripening ratio by no lodging.