• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.3 s.140
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• pp.169-175
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• 2005

The occurrence of tobacco whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci, in greenhouses was monitored in Korea in 2005. Bemisia tabaci occurred in the rose, sweet pepper, tomato, and cucumber greenhouses of Chungbuk, Chungnam, Gyongnam, and Jeonnam Provinces, but not in Jeonbuk and Gyongbuk Provinces. The biotypes and genetic differentiation of the whiteflies collected in each regions were analyzed by mitochondrial 16S DNA sequences. The 16S DNA sequences of Jincheon (Chungbuk Province) samples were similar to DNA data reported from Japan and Israel which were known as the B biotype. However, the DNA sequences of the Buyeo (Chungnam), Geoje (Gyongnam) and Boseong (Jeonnam) collections, which were 100% homologous showed over 99% similarity to the DNA of Q biotype from Spain and Egyrt. Here we report the first founding of the Q biotype in Korea. It is assumed that, unlike the B biotype reported from Jincheon since 1998, the Q biotype might have been introduced recently from the certain foreign region/country to the greenhouses in those provinces.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.2 s.59
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• pp.74-81
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• 1984

The experiments were conducted to study the distribution of wilt of strawberry caused by Fusarium in Korea, the characters of the causal fnngus and its control. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Wilt of strawberry has been found in Gimhae and Samrangjin, Gyeongnam province a few years ago. This disease has been spreading year after year, and observed on farms in most of the strawberry-growing areas in Korea. 2. The fungus was isolated frequently from the crowns and petioles of diseased straw berry plants, and the fungus belonging to Fusariun oxysporum in terms of the morphological characteristics of macroconidia, microconidia, chlamydospore and conidiophore on V-8 Agar. 3. The macroconidia formation of the fungus varied remarkably with the Isolates and kinds of medium tested. However. all isolates abundantly produced macroconidia on V-8 Agar. 4. The cross-inoculation tests with several forma specialis of F. oxysporum to cucumber, tomato, watermelon, luffa, cabbage, melon and strawberry were carried out. The isolates from strawberry viz. Kodama's F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and S-1 of the authors were pathogenic to only strawberry. The fungus was also similar in morphology and symptoms to Kodama's and Winks' isolate of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. Therefore, the fungus is identified as Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. fragariae Winks & Williams. 5. The most effective fungicides were Benomyl and Homai for inhibiting sporulation and mycelial growth of the fungus. 6 The cultivar Kurumae 35, Himiko, Senga gigana and Daehak I were resistant, whereas Hokowase, Instiate Z4, Juspa, Puget beauty and Marshall were susceptible to the fungus with artificial inoculation.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score ${\geq}1$) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.525-535
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nutritional education for juveniles' desirable vegetable intake by analyzing their vegetable intake, dietary habit and nutrient intakes according to gender of middle school students in Chungnam. The average age of the subjects was 15.0, height was 162.5 cm, weight was 53.5 kg and their average BMI was $20.1kg/m^2$. The frequency of eating supper in girls was lower than that in boys. Many respondents answered that a meal-time was 10~20 minutes. Without gender difference, more than 90% respondents thought that vegetables were good for health. As for the preference of vegetable, subjects responded, "I am in the middle", "I like them", "I dislike them", "I like them very much", and "I dislike them very much" in order, without gender difference. The frequent eaten leaf vegetable was Chinese cabbage, the frequent eaten fruit vegetable was cucumber, and the frequent eaten root vegetable was radish. The favorite leaf vegetable was lettuce, the favorite fruit vegetable was corn, and the favorite root vegetable was sweet potato. The preference degrees of taro and ginger were very low. The reasons why they liked a vegetable were that it was delicious and they ate it at home often. In addition, the reason why they disliked vegetables was that they are untasty in flavor or texture and it showed that many students had a prejudice that vegetables were untasty. The intakes of plant protein, dietary fiber, ash and INQs of dietary fiber, calcium, vitamin C, folate, vitamin E in the group with high preference of vegetables were significantly higher than those of low preference group. The study results indicate that intake frequency and preference of root vegetables in juveniles are low and the major reasons of these results are taste and eating experience of vegetables. In addition, the intake amounts of dietary fiber and folate are poor in the subjects with low preference of vegetables. Therefore, families and schools should make efforts that juveniles can recognize the importance of vegetable intake and select various vegetables properly through the development of cooking methods and systematic nutrition education.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.249-263
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyze the perception, preference and intake frequency of Jangachi(Korean Pickle) in order to develop low salt healthy Jangachi(Korean pickle). The findings are summarized as follows: The reason for eating Jangachi was 'Stimulation of appetite(47.8%).' The problem of commercial Jangachi was 'having high Na and sodium contents(59.1%).' The most influential improvement points for development of low-sodium Jangachi was 'Sanitarily distributed,' followed by 'not too salty,' 'low price,' and 'safe to store.' The important items of manufacture factor for making low-sodium Jangachi were safety(4.36 points), sanity, safekeeping and storage, and quality of ingredients. The important items of quality factor were taste(4.30 points), salinity, nutrition and temperature. The most preferred and frequently intake Jangachi was 'garlic Jangachi', followed by 'perillar leaf Jangachi', 'dried radish Jangachi', 'onion Jangachi', 'pepper Jangachi', 'garlic stem Jangachi', 'cucumber Jangachi', 'radish Jangachi', and 'soy leaf Jangachi'.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2016

Insects constitute the largest and most diverse group of animals in the world. They also serve as the hosts or nutrient sources for an immense assemblage of pathogens, parasites, and predators. More than 700 fungal species from 100 genera have adopted an entomopathogenic lifestyle. Although entomopathogenic fungi were studied as only biocontrol agents against a variety of pests in various countries, it has been recently focused their additional roles in nature. They are antagonists to/against plant pathogens, endophytes, and possibly even plant growth promoting agents. The potential antimicrobial effect against fungal plant pathogens by an isolate of entomopathogenic fungi including Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium spp., and Isaria fumosorosea have been reported since late 1990s, but wasn't reported pathogenicity of the isolate against pests. Later, a Canadian Lecanicillium sp. isolate and L. longisporium isolated from Vertalec$^{(R)}$ showed simultaneous control effect against both aphid and cucumber powder mildew. Therefore, the antimicrobial activities of 342 fungi isolates collected from various regions and conditions in Korea were evaluated against plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea using dual culture technique on agar plate. As a result, 186 isolates (54.4%) shown the antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The culture filtrates of selected fungi completely suppressed the growth of the microorganisms, indicating that suppression was due to the presence of antimicrobial substances in the culture filtrate. Mode of action of these fungi against insect involves the attachment of conidia to the insect cuticle, followed by germination, cuticle penetration, and internal dissemination throughout the insect. During infection process, secreted enzymes, proteinous toxins, and/or secondary metabolites secreted by entomopathogenic fungi can be used to overcome the host immune system, modify host behavior, and defend host resources. Recently, secondary metabolites isolated from entomopathogenic fungi have been reported as potential bioactive substances. Generally, most of bioactive substances produced by entomopathogenic fungi have reported low molecular weight (lower than 1,000 g/mol) as peptide and, in contrast the high molecular weight fungal bioactive substances are rare. Most substances based on entomopathogenic fungi were shown antimicrobial activity with narrow control ranges. In our study we analyzed the antimicrobial substances having antagonistic effects to B. cinerea. Antimicrobial substances in our fungal culture filtrates showed high thermostability, high stability to proteolytic enzymes, and hydrophilicity and their molecular weights were differed from substance. In conclusion, entomopathogenic fungi showed pathogenicity against insect pests and culture filtrate of the fungi also shown to antimicrobial activity. In the future, we can use the entomopathogenic fungi and its secondary metabolites to control both insect pest control and plant pathogenic fungi simultaneously.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2015

Metagenomics is a powerful tool to isolate novel biocatalyst and biomolecules directly from the environmental DNA libraries. Since the metagenomics approach bypasses cultivation of microorganisms, un-cultured microorganisms that are majority of exists can be the richest reservoir for natural products discovery. To discover novel herbicidal substances from soil metagenome, we established three easy, simple and effective high throughput screening methods such as cucumber cotyledon leaf disc assay, microalgae assay and seed germination assay. Employing the methods, we isolated two active single clones (9-G1 and 9-G12) expressing herbicidal activity which whitened leaf discs, inhibited growth of microalgae and inhibited root growth of germinated Arabidopsis seeds. Spraying butanol fraction of the isolated active clones' culture broth led to growth retardation or desiccation of Digitalia sanguinalis (L) Scop. in vivo. These results represent that the screening methods established in this study are useful to screen herbicidal substances from metagenome libraries. Further identifying molecular structure of the herbicidal active substances and analyzing gene clusters encoding synthesis systems for the active substances are in progress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 1992

The antimutagenic effects of green-yellow vegetables toward aflatoxin B$_1$(AFB$_1$) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-ox-ide (4-NQO) using the Ames assay system with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 were studied. Forty six to fifty percent of the methanol extracts of the vegetable samples inhibited the mutagenicity induced by AFB$_1$in TA98 and TA100. Perilla leaf, lettuce, broccoli, crown daisy, water dropwort, small water dropwort, red pepper, red pepper leaves, amaranth, spinach and radish root were significantly reduced the mutagenicity of AFB$_1$(p< 0.01). Whereas 25 out of 27 samples (93%) exhibited antimutagenicity toward a direct mutagen of 4-NQO (p< 0.01. 0.05). The samples which showed the strong antimutagenicity (>60%) were cabbage, kale, lettuce, broccoli, mustard leaf, green red pepper, green sweet pepper, spinach, amaranth, soybean sprout and immature pumpkin. The juices from the several samples also showed antimu-tagenic activity toward AFB$_1$. Cabbage, perilla leaf, small water dropwort and spinach reduced TAT100 revertants dose dependently in the range of 50-500$m\ell$/plate, however, cucumber and carrot showed little effect.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1333-1338
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• 1998

Several enzymes of kimchi ingredients were assayed to improve the product quality using these quality related enzyme information. Among various hydrolases, amylase and protease were selected with respect to lactic acid fermentation. Peroxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase were studied for off flavor production and ascorbic acid destruction. The amount of protein in kimchi ingredients, specific and total enzyme activity of sample were compared. Regarding total enzyme activity of sample, ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity of salted and fermented anchovy, dried red pepper and salted and fermented shrimp were higher than other ingredients. Activity of salted and fermented anchovy was 2,790.0 units/g sample. Salted and fermented anchovy, oyster and Chinese radish showed the highest ${\beta}-amylase$ activity (4.4, 2.1, 1.0 units/g sample, respectively). Salted and fermented anchovy showed the highest protease activity of 13.4 PU/g sample, followed by salted and fermented shrimp and dried red pepper. For peroxidase, Chinese radish, cucumber, green onion showed the highest activity of 7.2, 6.8 and 5.6 units/g sample, respectively. In case of ascorbic acid oxidase, salted and fermented anchovy showed the strongest enzyme activity (331.4 units/g sample), followed by dried red pepper and salted and fermented shrimp.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.41-55
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• 2000

This study attempts to explore the relationships of Korean Immigrants with New Zealand agricultural environment, their choice of agricultural occupations and adjustments. New Zealand, based on agricultural products in its economy, was one of the richest countries during the 1950s and 1960s because of its dependency in market to United Kingdom Since 1971 when U.K joined the European Community, its economy was no more strong enough to support the living conditions in the 1950's and 1960's. Therefore, New Zealand Government initiated some programme to assist its farmers. Such supports resulted in severe financial problems of the country. Thus, reforms removing almost all support programmes has been proceeded after 1984. Though horticulture is still lower in New Zealand's exports of agricultural products, its growth has been remarkable. This was results due to the contribution of smallholdings, along with migration from city to urban fringe occurred during the 1970's and 1980's. In the 1900's it has been known that horticulture in the smallholding takes a hard works for old ages, who required further partitions their lands. Meanwhile, the rapid growth of Korean immigrants to New Zealand in the 1900's has been occurred, and this study shows one or two years periods in the search of job in case of Korean farmers. The most attractiveness in agriculture for them was that it provides simultaneously both jobs and housing. Korean farmers' land use succeeds previous owner's land use, and concentrates on green house agriculture cultivating mainly tomato and cucumber. The size of land is quite small and not comparable to New Zealand's average size, but a satisfactory levels are rather high and successful in evaluating themselves concerning current occupations, even though they have rarely experienced about agriculture before. Korean farmers attributes a high satisfaction to agricultural techniques learned from previous owners and a related support authority. The results of this study showed that Korean farmers has been absorbed into New Zealand economy rather than Korean economy. Finally, it has been pointed that the growth of Korean farmers and agriculture in New Zealand is the results of complex factors such as occupations, children's educational opportunity, and the access to the city.