• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.215-218
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• 2005

For the production of cold forged parts with near-net-shape attributes, the quality of the tool system is responsible for an essential portion of costs fer the finished components. Therefore, a tool lift is one of the important issues on cold forging industry. There are many complicated variables related with tool life, such as material, heat-treatment, coating, lubricant, process design. In this study, heat-treatment of tool material and lubricant are investigated to improve the tool life. Deep cryogenic treatment of tool steel is very efficient to improve the wear resistance due to the fine carbide. And, friction factor of lubricants for cold forging are measured by the ring compression test. Zinc-Phosphate and $MoS_2$ lubricant is effective to sustain the friction factor under 0.1.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.42-47
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• 2007

The characteristics of the tool system give many effects into the costs and qualities for the finished components. Therefore, a tool life is one of the important issues on cold forging industry. However, since variables related with tool life are many complicated, the studies for solution should be investigated by the systematic research approach. The shape and process changes of die, the hardness changes of material and the tolerance of dies to decrease the die stress are analyzed by the FEM software. The heat-treatment of tool material is investigated to improve the tool life. Deep cryogenic treatment of tool steel is very efficient to improve the wear resistance due to the fine carbide. And, it is investigated that the shape and dimension of tool give effect into both tool life and quality of forged product..

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.824-829
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the proposed jig for turning process of large-scale aluminum tube of D500mm through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Also, a machining evaluation is conducted with general heat-treated and cryogenic heat-treated tubes. Dimensions of the specimens are determined to be suitable for collet appearance. The characteristics of equivalent stress and strain according to the expansion of the collet are evaluated by FEA. The aluminum tubes which are heat-treated by T4/T6 condition and cryogenic condition are machined by using a large-scale lathe machine and the roundness of machined tube is evaluated by using a 3D measuring machine. Through the results of this study, effects of each heat treatment and residual stress on the roundness are established.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 2004

Cryogenic characteristics of austenitic stainless steel based on 304 steel with nickel and nitrogen were investigated at room temperature and $-196^{\circ}C$. The alloys were fabricated by vacuum arc furnace and cold working after homogenization treatment. The addition of nickel and nitrogen decreased the stability of $\delta$-ferrite and induced the stability against the formation of martensite to result significantly in enhancing ductility at $-196^{\circ}C$. Nitrogen reduced Md temperature, which was beneficial to the tensile strength and elongation at $25^{\circ}C$ and -196$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.166-171
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• 2002

The effects of Ni and N addition to 304 stainless steel on mechanical properties and microstructure were investigated within temperature ranged from $-196^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$. The addition of nickel and nitrogen induced the stability against the formation of provide significantly enhanced ductility at $-196^{\circ}C$ and reduce the Md temperature. Fe-18Cr-10Ni-0.2N alloy showed the ${\gamma}$ phase in deformed structure which it was beneficial to enhance the tensile strength and elongation at $25^{\circ}C$ and $-196^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.125-126
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• 2006

The characteristics of the tool system give many effects into the costs and qualities for the finished components. Therefore, a tool life is one of the important issues on cold forging industry. However, since variables related with tool life are many complicated, the studies for solution should be investigated by the systematic research approach. In this study, heat-treatment of tool material is investigated to improve the tool life. Deep cryogenic treatment of tool steel is very efficient to improve the wear resistance due to the fine carbide. And, it is investigated that the shape and dimension of tool give effect into both tool life and quality of forged product.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.40-48
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• 2013

Cryoablation device is a surgical instrument to produce the cooling effect to destroy detrimental biological tissue by utilizing low temperature around 110 K. Usually, this device has the concentrated cooling region, so that it is suitable for concentrated and thick target. Accordingly, it is hard to apply this device for the target which is distributed and thin target. In this study, the design procedure of a closed-loop cryoablation device with multiple J-T expansion part is developed for the treatment of incompetent of great saphenous vein. The developed cyoablation device is designed with the analysis of 1-dimensional (1-D) bio-heat equation. The energy balance is considered to determine the minimum mass flow rate of refrigerant for consecutive flow boiling to develop the uniform cooling temperature. Azeotropic mixed refrigerant R410A and zeotropic mixed refrigerant (MR) of R22 ($CHClF_2$) and R23 ($CHF_3$) are utilized as operating fluids of the developed cryoablation device to form the sufficient temperature and to verify the quality of the inside of cryoablation probe. The experimental results of R410A and the zeotropic MR show the temperature non-uniformity over the range are $244.8K{\pm}2.7K$ and $239.8K{\pm}4.7K$ respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the probe experiences the consecutive flow boiling over the target range of 200 mm.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2017

Cryogenic milling which is a combined process of low-temperature treatment and mechanical milling was applied to fabricate high critical current density $(J_c)MgB_2$ bulk superconductors. Liquid nitrogen was used as a coolant, and no solvent or lubricant was used. Spherical Mg ($6-12{\mu}m$, 99.9 % purity) and plate-like B powder (${\sim}1{\mu}m$, 97 % purity) were milled simultaneously for various time periods (0, 2, 4, 6 h) at a rotating speed of 500 rpm using $ZrO_2$ balls. The (Mg+2B) powders milled were pressed into pellets and heat-treated at $700^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in flowing argon. The use of cryomilled powders as raw materials promoted the formation reaction of superconducting $MgB_2$, reduced the grain size of $MgB_2$, and suppressed the formation of impurity MgO. The superconducting critical temperature ($T_c$) of $MgB_2$ was not influenced as the milling time (t) increased up to 6 h. Meanwhile, the critical current density ($J_c$) of $MgB_2$ increased significantly when t increased to 4 h. When t increased further to 6 h, however, $J_c$ decreased. The $J_c$ enhancement of $MgB_2$ by cryogenic milling is attributed to the formation of the fine grain $MgB_2$ and a suppression of the MgO formation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.309-309
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• 2003

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.283-289
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• 2018

This present study deals with the hydrogen embrittlement properties of austenitic Fe-30Mn-0.2C(-1.5Al) high-manganese steels for cryogenic applications. They were electrochemically charged with hydrogen and then subjected to tensile tests for evaluating hydrogen embrittlement behavior. Tensile test results showed that after hydrogen charging the tensile strength and elongation of the Al-free steel were more remarkably decreased with increasing current density when compared to the Al-added steel. After hydrogen charging of the Al-added steel, it was found that the measured hydrogen content was small and silver particles were relatively less decorated. Therefore, the Al-added steel has a superior hydrogen embrittlement resistance to the Al-free steel because the addition of Al suppresses the injection of hydrogen during electrochemical hydrogen charging.