• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.227-231
• /
• 1998

To furnish basic data for the utilizatin of camellia(Camellia japonica L.) seeds as a raw material of industrial products, major chemical components of camellia and defatted camellia seeds were investigated. The moisture, crude ash, crude fat and crude protein contents of camellia seeds were 4.06%, 1.83%, 65.75% and 8.44%, respectively. Defatted camellia seeds indicates that it contains 10.31% moisture, 5.28% crude ash and 17.49% crude protein while no crude fat was detected. The curde ginseng saponin, crude saikosaponin and red ginseng saponin contents of camellia seeds were 108.0mg%, 0.4mg% and 40.3mg%, respectively. Total amino acid contents of camellia seeds and defatted camellia seeds were 7,851mg% and 13,002mg%, respectively, and the major amino acids were glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid and leucine. The ratio of essential/total amino acid of camellia seeds was 0.29.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.345-350
• /
• 1989

Saprophagous fungi which were isolated from ginseng products were investigated the change of mycellial weight, saponin pattern and saponin contents according to culture periods at different of saponin concentration. Aspergillus sp. showed the greatest mycellial weight in 9 days at 0.3% saponin concentration as well as Penicillium specise A and B. Mycellial weight of all Saprophagous fungi was decresed than control group at 1.0% concentration of crude saponin. Saponin pattern were changed in 6th days of culture by Aspergillus sp. at 0.3% and deteriorated diol ginsenoside respectively. The amount of diol saponins was decreased all the duration of culture by Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. B. whereas Pencillium sp. A was not any change. The amont of saponin in the fresh ginseng and white ginseng medium was decreased gradually according to culture periods by the saprophagous fungi.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2002

It has been well known that Korea red ginseng has an antihypertensive effect. The antihypertensive effect may be due to its ability to change the peripheral resistance. Change of vascular tone in the resistance-sized artery contribute to the peripheral resistance, thereby regulate the blood pressure. Therefore, we investigated to clarify the vasorelaxing mechanism induced by crude saponin of Korea red ginseng in the resistance-sized mesenteric artery of rats. The resistance-sized mesenteric artery was isolated and cut into a ring. The ring segment was immersed in HEPES-buffered solution and its isometric tension was measured using myograph force-displacement transducer. Crude saponin of ginseng relaxed the mesenmetric arterial rings precontracted with norepinephrine (3$\mu$M) in dose-dependent manner (0.01 mg/㎖ -1 mg/㎖. The relaxation by crude saponin was smaller in endothelium-intact preparation than that in endothelium-denuded preparation. The contraction induced by A23187 or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate was not affected by crude saponin of ginseng. The vasorelaxing effect of crude saponin of ginseng was significantly attenuated by the increase of the extracellular K$\^$+/ concentration. Crude saponin-induced vasorelaxation was not affected by tetraethylammonium (1 mM), glybenclamide (10$\mu$M), and 4-aminopyridine (0.1 mM) in these preparations. Ba$\^$2+/(10$\mu$M ∼100$\mu$M) markedly reduced the crude saponin-induced vasorelakation dose-dependently. From the above results, we suggest that crude saponin of ginseng may stimulate K$\^$+/ efflux and hyperpolarize the membrane, thereby cause the vasorelaxation in the resistance-sized mesenteric artery of rats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.112-116
• /
• 1990

As a part of studies on the quality control of crude drug preparation drinks, ginseng saponins were identified by HPLC. Ginsenoside-Rb1 was determined quantitatively by HPLC. Ginsenoside MeOH/H2O(65:35:10, v/v) on Si-gel plate. Ginsenoside-Rb1 content determined by HPLC on Lichrosorbtract drinks was 57.5-70.4% compared to the content in the red ginseng extract.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 1980

Crude fiber, ash and crude fat in various parts of root had highly significant correlation each other. In shoot, crude fiber showed highly significant negative correlation with crude fat or crude protein which were in highly significant positive correlation each other. In whole plant, crude fiber and ash, crude fat and crude protein, Mn and Cu, ash and Ca, and ash and B showed positive correlation respectively and negative between crude protein and crude fiber. Ash, crude fat and curde fiber showed highly significant positive correlation with all mineral nutrients in root while in shoot pairs haying significant correlation were less and most of these were in negative correlation. Ash with Mg, K or Cu, crude fat with B, crude fiber with Cu, K, Mg in root and crude fat with Mn in shoot were specially high significant pairs. Ash with B and crude fat with Mn were significant in root, shoot and whole plant. Saponin contents in root showed highly significant positive correlation with crude fiber, crude fat, ash and with all other mineral nutrients except N, P, Mg while, in shoot, it showed, negative correlation with K and crude fiber, ana positive with N, Mn, Cu, and crude fat. Saponin showed positive correlation with crude fat, Mn, Cu, in root, shoot and whole plant.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.215-219
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for non-saponin contents that can be used to index fresh ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in the Republic of Korea and China. Non-saponin components in fresh gingeng roots which were cultivated in various areas and ages in Korea were determined. Acidic polysaccharide, total polysaccharide, crude polyacetylene were quantitatively analyzed by using the method of spectrophotometric determination, while the total protein was analyzed by using Lowry method. The results show that there were no statistically significant differences for the average contents of four non-saponins among 4-years-old, 5-years-old, and 6-years-old fresh ginseng roots. Additionally, this study assessed the average contents of non-saponin components in 4-years-old fresh ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) which were cultivated in Korea and China. The result showed that the average contents of crude polyacetylene and acidic polysaccharide were statistically significant. Four-years-old fresh ginseng roots cultivated in Korea had the higher average contents of crude polyacetylene and acidic polysaccharide than those cultivated in China. However the average contents of total polysaccharide and total protein had no statistically significant difference.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.109-113
• /
• 1984

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of crude ginseng saponin in water was determined by fluorometry and surface-tension measurement. These two methods gave the the CMC value, 0.015g/100ml AND 0.013G/100ml, respectively. The surface excess of the saponin and the area occupied by a saponin molecule at the monolayer adsorbed at air and waterinterface were calculated employing Gibbs adsorption equation. The presence of salt increased the surface activity of the saponin: it decreased the CMC, the surface tension at the CMC and the area occupied by a saponin molecule at the monolayer, which should be due to the salting-out effect of the salt.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.46-50
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of crude saponin from Korean red ginseng on clinical chemical parameters in ovariectomized rats. The crude red ginseng saponin was prepared by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography and spirit. Tota1 of 50 rats were divided into 5 groups: normal control (NC), sham-ovariectomized (SO), ovariectomized (OR), ovariectomized and saponin treated (OS) and normal control treated with saponin (NS). Saponin was intraperitonally administered for 12 weeks since 1 week before ovariectomy: The body weight of ovariectomized rats showed no significant change but that of NS group showed significant increase when compared with NC group. Platelet counts of serum showed significant increase when treated with saponin regardless of ovariectomy. Triglyceride content of serum in NC group was 152.1 mg/㎗, while that of OR group was decreased to 99.9 mg/㎗ However, when saponin was administered, the content was increased to 138.0 mg/㎗. The weight of spleen also showed significant increase when treated with saponin, while the other organs showed no weight changes. On the other hand, ovariectomy in rats induced decrease in femur weight by 10% when compared with NC group. However, administration of crude saponin in ovariectomized rats recovered the weight of the femur to the similar level of NC (e<0.01 0.05). In addition, femur weight of NS group indicated 10 to 16% higher value than that of NC. These results suggest that Korean red ginseng saponin attenuates phyiological disorders induced by malfunction of ovary.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.153-166
• /
• 1984

The anticancer activities of petroleum ether extract of Panax ginseng root(crude GX) and its partially purified fraction from silicic acid column chromatography (7:3 GX) were studied with Sarcoma 180(S-180) or Walker carcinosarcoma 256 (Walker 256) in vivo and with L1210 leukemic lympocyte in vitro. Potential cytotoxic activities of the crude GX and against L1210 cells were compared with those of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and saponin derivatives (Panax-diol, Panax-triol, Diol saponin, Triol saponin) in vitro. In order to observe the physiological effects of the crude GX and 7:3 GX on the animals with cancer, hemoglobin(Hb), red blood cell(R.B.C) and white blood cell after treatment with each GX in comparison with corresponding control groups, respectively. The anticancer effects of the crude GX and 7:3 GX were estimated by measuring the survival time of S-180 bearing mice after treatment with them. The experimental results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The one unit of cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells was equivalent to 2.54$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 0.88$\mu\textrm{g}$of the crude GX and 7:3 GX per ml of culture medium, respectively. 2. The cytotoxic activities of Panax-diol, Panax=triol, Diol saponin and triol saponin against L1210 cells were not detected. 3. The anticancer activities of 5-FU against L1210, S-180 and Walker 256 were very effective in vivo and vitro tests. 4. The significantly increased W.B.C values of mice after inoculation with S-180 cells were reduced to normal range by the crude GX treatment. 5. The significantly decreased Hb values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude GX. 6. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7:3 GX treatment compared with their control group.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.213-221
• /
• 1985

The effects of ginseng extract, crude saponin and ether layer fraction on the alcohol fermentation and the growth of Zymomonas mobilis studied. The growth of Zymomonas mobilis was inhibited by the addition of ginseng extract, crude saponin and ether layer fraction, of which the last was shown to have the most inhibitory effect. The pH cultural broth recorded a significant decrease during 36 hrs alcohol fermentation, followed by a slower decrease in pH after 36 hrs. The alcohol fermentation was stimulated most remarkably by the addition of 0.305％ crude saponin, while inhibited most by the addition of 0.228％ ether layer fraction.