• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.363-369
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• 1996

As basic study to evaluate the treatability of oil-contaminated environment with bacteria, isolation and characterization of crude oil-degrading bacterium were carried out. A bacterial strain SH-14 capable of degrading crude oil was isolated from contaminated soils by enrichment culture technique and identified as Acinetobacter sp. by morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics, and so named Acinetobacter sp. SH-14. The optimal medium composition and cultural conditions for the growth and emulsification of crude oil by Acinetobacter sp. SH-14 used were crude oil of 2.0%, $KNO_3$ of 0.2%, $K_2HPO_4$ of 0.05%, and $MgSO_4\;{\cdot}\;7H_2O$ of 1.0%, along with initial pH 7.0 at $30^{\circ}C$. Acinetobacter sp. SH-14 showed to be resistant to chloramphenicol and utilized various hydrocarbons such as dodecane, hexadecane, isooctane, cyclo-hexane etc., as a sole carbon source. Acinetobacter sp. SH-14 harbored a single plasmid. By agarose gel electrophoresis and curing experiment it was found that the genes for crude oil components degradation were encoded on the plasmid.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2015

This paper addresses the problems of using anti-freeze lubricants for different machines that must function at extremely low temperatures during winter operation in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). We discuss the possibility of obtaining anti-freeze base oils from Talakan crude oil, an area with major oil and gas deposits of the Republic of Sakha, and also provide the trade and technological classification of Talakan crude oil. We propose two different schemes for processing Talakan crude oil: the fuel scheme (obtaining light and heavy fractions as a fuel oil) and the base oil scheme (obtaining light fractions and base oils). We investigate the influence of pour point depressants on alkyl-methacrylate base on the low-temperature properties of the fractions obtained from Talakan crude oil and Korean base oils, and establish the optimal concentration of pour point depressants. We compare the properties of these fractions with the low-temperature properties of Korean base oils and find that the commercial oil "Ravenol 0W-40" provides optimistic results. We obtain oil with a pour point of minus $50^{\circ}C$ and a viscosity index greater than 100. The Design of Experiment was used to establish the optimum composition of the pour point depressants and the base oil S-8 to obtain lubricant oil with a kinematic viscosity of 17 cSt, viscosity index of 208, and a pour point of minus $64^{\circ}C$.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.384-392
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• 2017

Mango shell (MS) and mango shell activated carbon (MSAC) was used to adsorb crude oil from water at various experimental conditions. The MSAC was prepared by carbonization at $450^{\circ}C$ and chemical activation using strong $H_3PO_4$ acid. The adsorbents were characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Investigations carried out included the effects of parametric variations of different adsorbate dose, adsorbent dose, time, temperature, pH and mixing speed on the adsorption of crude oil. The equilibrium isotherm for the adsorption process was determined using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm models. Temkin isotherm was found to fit the equilibrium data reasonably well than others. The result demonstrated that MSAC was more effective for crude oil adsorption than raw mango shell. Optimum conditions were also presented. The enhanced effect from activation was justified statistically using Analysis of Variance and Bonferroni-Holm Posthoc significance test. The pseudo first order kinetics gave a better fit for crude oil adsorption with both MS and MSAC.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.421-449
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• 2000

The objective of this paper is to examine whether it is feasible to introduce an crude oil futures contract on domestic commodity exchange in order to minimize the price risks of imported crude oil. In addition. this study suggests the policy issues to promote futures trading and the alternatives to use foreign energy compares the five criteria to evaluate the feasibility of crude oil futures trading on the domestic exchange. Related to the possibility of successful futures trading of imported crude oil on the domestic exchange, they are evaluated as follows: it is highly possible to succeed for the aspects of price volatility, potential market size or liquidity, and commodity homogeneity; but it is inappropriate for the aspects of deliverable amounts and market power or market structure. Therefore, it is concluded that trading a new futures contract for the underlying imported crude oil on the domestic exchange is inappropriate. For the policy issues and the hedging alternatives, first, it is urgent to establish an atmosphere for futures trading by promoting spot trading. Second, for the case of futures trading on the domestic exchange it is important to consider the simultaneous hedging of crude oil price and foreign exchange risks and mutual offsetting mechanism with major foreign exchanges. Third, for the case of futures trading on foreign exchanges it is reasonable to regard cooperation among concerned companies, government support for futures trading and direct participation into futures trading by the government.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.14-20
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• 2016

Remediation of crude oil contaminated soil is complicate and hard to apply traditional methods because of its persistency, durability, and high viscosity. Therefore, in this study, the efficiency of crude oil contaminated soil remediation was tested by developing a pilot-scale thermal desorption system using the indirect heating method with an exhaust gas treatment. Under optimal condition drawed by temperature and retention time, the remedial efficiency of crude oil contaminated soil and treatability of exhaust gas were analyzed. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of crude oil contaminated soil was decreased to 69.7 mg/kg on average and the remedial efficiency was measured at 99.60%. Through the exhaust gas, 86.0% of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) was degraded and 97.16% of complex malodor was reduced under the suggested optimum operation condition. This study provides important basic data to be useful in scaling up of the indirect thermal desorption system for the remediation of crude oil contaminated soil.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.201-220
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• 2005

Recently, we have been witnessing new records of crude oil price hikes. One question which naturally arises would be the possibility and accuracy of forecasting crude oil prices. This study tries to answer the relative predictability of futures prices compared to the forecasts based on experts system. Using WTI crude oil spot and futures prices, this study performs simple statistical comparisons in forecasting accuracy and a formal test of differences in forecasting errors. According to statistical results, WTI crude oil futures market turns out to be equally efficient relative to EIA experts system. Consequently, WTI crude oil futures market could be utilized as a market-based tool for price forecasting and/or resource allocation for both of petroleum producers and consumers.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.48-56
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• 2017

Although various methods have been investigated for treatment of crude oil contaminated soil, more researches are still required to preserve soil environment. This study investigated the potential utility of subcritical water in remediation of crude oil contaminated soil under various experimental conditions including temperature ($150-300^{\circ}C$), flow rate (1.0-2.0 mL/min) and extraction time (60-120 min). The removal rate of crude oil gradually increased with increasing temperature and time. After treatment at $200^{\circ}C$ and $300^{\circ}C$ for 60 min, the remaining concentration of crude oil met the Kuwait standard clean-up level (10,000 mg/kg) and the Korean standard level (2,000 mg/kg), respectively. The removal efficiency of crude oil increased from 77.8% to 88.4% with increasing extraction time from 60 to 120 min at $250^{\circ}C$. A decreasing rate of oil removal was observed as flow rate increased, possibly due to channeling flow occurred within the soil body at higher flow rate condition. Overall, the results revealed that subcritical water extraction process could be feasible for remediation of crude oil contaminated soil, and the relative effect of parameters on the oil removal was in the order of temperature > time > flow rate.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.125-140
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• 2018

This study uses daily price data on three major types of crude oil (Brent, Dubai, and WTI) and BDI from January 2, 2009 to June 29, 2018, to compare the relationship between crude oil prices and BDI for rate of change and volatility. Unlike previous studies, the correlation between BDI and crude oil prices was analyzed both the rate of change and variability, VARs, Granger Causality Test, and the GARCH and DCC models were employed. The correlation analysis, indicated that the crude oil price change rate and volatility affect the BDI change rate and that BDI volatility affects the crude oil price change rate and volatility. The relationship between oil prices and BDI is identified, but their correlation is low, which is likely a result of lower dependence on crude oil as demand for natural gas increases worldwide and demand for renewable energy decreases. These trends could result in lower correlations over time. Therefore, focusing on the changing demand for raw materials in future investments in international shipping(real economy) and oil markets and macroeconomic analysis is necessary.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2934-2939
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• 2008

We conducted a test of a direct burning of crude Jatropha oil (CJO) in a commercial boiler system. The fuel, crude Jatropha oil is not biodiesel which comes from transeterification process of bio oil, but it is pure plant oil. The higher heating value (HHV) of the CJO is 39.3 MJ/kg (9,380 kcal/kg) and is higher than that of a commercial heating oil, 37.9 MJ/kg. The kinematic viscosity of CJO is 36.2 mm2/s at $40^{\circ}C$ and 8.0 mm2/s at $100^{\circ}C$. The burner used in the test is a commercial burner for a commercial heatingoil and its capacity is 140 kW (120,000 kcal/h). We did a preliminary test whether the combustion is stable or not. The preliminary test was a kind of open air combustion test using the commercial burner with crude Jatropha oil. We found that the combustion can be stable if the crude Jatrophaoil temperature is higher than $90^{\circ}C$. We measured the flue gas concentration by using a gas analyzer. The NOx concentration is $80{\sim}100\;ppm$ and CO concentration is nearly 0 ppm at flue gas O2 concentration of 3.0 and 4.5%.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.211-221
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• 2017

A laboratory investigation into crude oil contaminated sand-concrete interface behavior is performed. The interface tests were carried out through a direct shear apparatus. Pure sand and sand-bentonite mixture with different crude oil contents and three concrete surfaces of different textures (smooth, semi-rough, and rough) were examined. The experimental results showed that the concrete surface texture is an effective factor in soil-concrete interface shear strength. The interface shear strength of the rough concrete surface was found higher than smooth and semi-rough concrete surfaces. In addition to the texture, the normal stress and the crude oil content also play important roles in interface shear strength. Moreover, the friction angle decreases with increasing crude oil content due to increase of oil concentration in soil and it increases with increasing interface roughness.