• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2010

The medical emergency departments are suffering from the crowdness of patients, hence the quality of medical service the patients are receiving are getting poorer. Overcrowding of medical emergency departments may incur the waiting time for the treatment, and the improper treatment in time. For the operational control of the emergency department, the crowding index is commonly used to identify the crowding intensity, with which the operation process is managed, and future process can be expected. In this study the composite crowding index is suggested, in which the trend of inpatients rate, the age and acuity of patients, and resource of ED are considered. The validity of the suggested crowding index is discussed by the regression analysis for the index and the actual number of inpatients, and by the simulation study using the process model and the real data.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.169-178
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• 2007

Dental crowding is one of the most common type of malocclusions in the mixed dentition. During the period of transition from the primary to the permanent dentition, minor incisor crowding is often present in the normally developing dentitions, but severe crowding can be caused by arch length/tooth size discrepancy. To determine the need for and appropriate timing of treatment for arch-length discrepancies, clinicians must be knowledgeable about normal development. This paper reviewed the literature on normal dental arch development and proper management of dental crowding according to its severity. Due to variations in the timing and the sequence of permanent tooth eruption, management of dental crowding should be specific to the individual patient.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.18 no.1 s.25
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• pp.217-225
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• 1988

This study was undertaken to examine relationship between tooth size and arch dimension in dental crowding. Two groups of dental casts were selected on the basis of dental crowding. One group, consisting of 51 pairs of dental casts (24 male and 27 female), exhibited remarkable dental crowding. A second group, consisting of 60 pairs of dental casts (30 male and 30 female), exhibited little or no crowding. Mean and standard deviation of the following parameters were used to compare two groups. individual and collective mesiodistal tooth diameters, buccal and lingual arch widths and arch area. The following results were obtained. 1. The crowed group revealed larger tooth size than noncrowded group. (p < 0.01) 2. The crowded group smaller maxillary dental arch dimension than noncrowded group except lingual arch width at canine region. (p < 0.01) 3. The corwded group revealed smaller mandibular dental arch dimension than noncrowded group except lingal arch width at second premalar region in the male and buccal arch width at canine, premolar region in the female. (p < 0.01) 4. The crowded group revealed smaller arch area than noncrowded group in the female (p < 0.01), but there was no significance in the male.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.27-38
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• 2001

This study analyses the relationships between the residents'personality and the residential types, and between the sense of crowding and the residential types. For this purpose, this study surveys two hundred ninety three residents in their thirties and forties, residing in Seoul. We find that there are differences in the personality traits and also differences in the sense of crowding according to residential types such as high-rise/low-rise apartments, high-class private residence, multi-family houses. And these differences are due to the differences of inner and outer residential environment satisfaction. The lower a resident's inner environment satisfaction is, the higher is his/her sense of crowding. And low environment satisfaction and high sense of crowding appears to account for one's depression and anxiety. Conversely, the higher environment satisfaction is and the lower the sense of crowding is, the higher is his/her responsibility. Finally, this study tries to examine how each personality trait changes according to the habitancy duration. We find that residents having a 3-5 year habitancy record are more anxious and depressed than those who have been living more than 7 years in the same residence.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.510-522
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• 2016

In studies involving public transport, social welfare improvement is simply explained by the increase in public transport demand. However, the increase in the demand for public transport is mostly observed by the change in the frequency of public transport service, and in-vehicle crowding in public transport has not been an object of concern. This study examines and tries to reveal the cause of the changes of the social welfare and in-vehicle crowding of the changing public transport from imposing congestion pricing. We observe that congestion pricing increases in-vehicle crowding in public transport. This predictable phenomenon is more exacerbated in case of not operating bus-only lane. It should be noted that in-vehicle crowding is more increased in suburban, but in First-best toll system it tends to get worse less than it in other congestion pricing systems. We identify that the change of in-vehicle crowding is affected by the change of proximity of the housing to workplace, the number of commuting trips, and unpredictable distortion effect of the congestion charge.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.52-64
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• 2023

This paper concentrated on estimating the travel time value of individual regional bus passengers in various in-vehicle crowding conditions. In the analysis model, the traffic-selection data of individual transportation passengers based on smart-card data were used. Variables which reflect the level of in-vehicle crowding and the variables of in-vehicle travel time that reflect the level of in-vehicle crowding were included in the model using Box-Cox transformation. The result of this paper indicates that the travel time value experienced by individual users would increase as the in-vehicle crowding level increases. The smart card data used in this paper is considered to have significant implications in terms of conducting more sophisticated and realistic qualitative research to reflect the values of variables for in-vehicle traffic hours and in-vehicle crowding levels, which previously had limitations in observation and quantification. It is expected that the effects of improvement measures for reducing congestion on regional buses can be considered quantitatively by applying the estimation results of crowding multiplier.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.330-336
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• 2009

Objective: To examine the differences in lateral cephalometric characteristics between patients with dental protrusion and crowding in order to determine what factors affect dental protrusion or crowding while both malocclusion types are caused by large tooth size. Methods: Twenty nine individuals with dental protrusion and 22 individuals with dental crowding were enrolled in this study. All subjects had larger teeth than average and Class I molar relationships. Craniofacial characteristics and hyoid bone positions were determined from lateral cephalograms and compared between the two groups. Results: In the comparisons of craniofacial characteristics, the measurements indicating maxillary length and facial convexity showed greater values in the protrusion group than in the crowding group. Comparisons of hyoid bone positions showed that the hyoid bone was positioned more anteriorly and superiorly in the protrusion group than in the crowding group. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that some craniofacial characteristics and tongue position may affect the development of dental protrusion or crowding; when an individual has large teeth, dental protrusion or crowding might be determined according to maxillary growth and tongue position.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

Formation which is one of the most fundamental characteristic of paper quality is affected by a number of variables. Fiber flocculation in the headbox has been recognized as the most important variable influencing formation. Consistency and crowding number of head box stock are known to represent the flocculation potential of stocks. The effects of consistency and crowding number on paper formation were studied by measuring the flocculation of fiber suspensions. Increasing consistency increased the degree of fiber flocculation. Especially the consistency of long fiber fraction was the most crucial factor of flocculation. Tensile strength of handsheets was furnish dependent rather than flocculation dependent. Crowding number of a furnish can be used for the characterization of stock flocculation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.65-75
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• 1993

This study was carried out to analyze the user's perception of crowding in lawn areas in parks. On-site questionnaire survey was executed to study the variables which influence the Perception of Crowding(PC). The survey sites were lawn areas at and in Bo-mun Resort Complex in Kyung-ju. The major results were as follows; 1. Generally, in site's frequency of use, 2-3 times a year ranked as the highest (49%), and in user's residence, Busan and Pohang were highly ranked. As the purpose of visit, two survey sites showed differently. In , family picnic ranked high, but in case of , it had the tendency to the use of adult group and the rally for union. 2. By the results of the analysis of variables related to perceived crowding(PC), perceived density(PD) was the most influensive variables, nuisances by other users(NU) and expected crowding(EC) were another influensive variables. The candidate regression model is, PC=-0.125+0.597(PD)+0.409(NU)+0.307(EC) (R2=0.4592). 3. In variables, related to use density, perceived density(PD) was more influensive and significant variables than actual use density(AD). 4. In planning and design of lawn areas in park, is recommended than . The lawn areas of are more desirable and accommodative than in overuse situation.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.326-332
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• 2019

Extraction treatment has been used for a long time to treat crowding or lip protrusion patients and still extraction decision is the most difficult and important decision during diagnosis and treatment planning. If the amount of crowidng is severe, premolar extraction is often considered. Because of their location, premolar extractions would seem to allow for the most straightforward relief of crowding and the improvement of soft tissue profile. But patients and their parents often prefer nonextraction approach if possible and such a preference gives us serious question about the boundary of nonextraction treatment. Because Orthodontic Mini-Implant (OMI) become popular these days, distalization of posterior teeth can be obtained easily without patient's compliance. For this reason, many orthodontists are trying to treat crowding patient with nonextraction than before. But sometime, unexpected side effects are observed including unesthetic profile, impaction of second molar and long treatment time. All the tools for space gaining - extraction, arch expansion, molar distalization and interproximal enamel reduction - have their limitations and indications. Possible side effects and limitations should be carefully considered during the treatment planning. Although Korean patients usually require extraction more often than US or European patients, more knowledge about the tools for space gaining would help us to decrease the rate of extraction and the problems during treatment of crowding patients.