• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.377-386
• /
• 2020

Background: To compare pain perception during palatal injection administration in children aged 7-9 years while using pre-cooling of the injection site versus application of topical anesthesia as a pre-injection anesthetic during the six months. Method: A prospective randomized split-mouth crossover trial was conducted among 30 children aged 7-9 years, who received topical application of either a pencil of ice (test group) or 5% lignocaine gel (control group) for 2 min before injection. The primary and secondary outcome measures were pain perception and child satisfaction, measured by the composite pain score and the faces rating scale, respectively. Unpaired t-test was performed to determine significant differences between groups. Results: The test group had significantly lower pain scores for self-report and behavioral measures (P < 0.0001). The changes in physiological parameters at the baseline (P = 0.74) during (P = 0.37) and after (P = 0.88) the injection prick were not statistically significant. Children felt better by the pre-cooling method (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Ice application using a pencil of ice for 2 min reduced pain perception significantly compared to the use of a topical anesthetic. Moreover, ice application was preferred by children.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.2272-2278
• /
• 2021

Background: Vibration stimulation has emerged as a treatment tool to help reduce spasticity during physical therapy. Spasticity includes problems of reduced range of motion (ROM) and stiffness. However, the benefits of vibration rolling (VR) on interventions for stroke patients are unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of VR intervention on the ankle ROM and ankle stiffness in stroke patients. Design: A randomized crossover study. Methods: Seven stroke patients completed two test sessions (one VR and one non-VR [NVR]) in a randomized order, with 48 hours of rest between each session. Participants completed intervention and its measurements on the same day. The measurements included ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion ROM and stiffness of ankle muscles, including the tibialis anterior, medial, and lateral gastrocnemius muscle. Results: After VR, ankle dorsiflexion ROM, lateral gastrocnemius stiffness, and medial gastrocnemius stiffness improved significantly (all P<.05). After NVR, only the lateral gastrocnemius stiffness improved significantly (P<.05). Furthermore, in the cases of changed values for ankle dorsiflexion ROM and lateral gastrocnemius stiffness were compared within groups, VR showed a more significant difference than NVR (P<.05) Conclusion: VR improved ankle ROM and muscle stiffness. Therefore, we suggest that practitioners need to consider VR as an intervention to improve dorsiflexion ROM and gastrocnemius stiffness in stroke patients.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.482-487
• /
• 2022

In lower abdominal flap representing transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV) exists as superficial and independent venous system from deep system. The superficial venous drainage is dominant despite a dominant deep arterial supply in anterior abdominal wall. As TRAM or DIEP flaps began to be widely used for breast reconstruction, venous congestion issue has been arisen. Many clinical series in regard to venous congestion despite patent microvascular anastomosis site were reported. Venous congestion could be divided in two conditions by the area of venous congestion and each condition is from different anatomical causes. First, if venous congestion was shown in whole flap, it is due to the connection between SIEV and vena comitantes of DIEP. Second, if venous congestion is limited in above midline (Hartrampf zone II), it is due to problem in venous midline crossover. In this article, the authors reviewed the role of SIEV in lower abdominal flap based on the various anatomic and clinical studies. The contents are mainly categorized into four main issues; basic anatomy of SIEV, the two cause of venous congestion, connection between SIEV and vena comitantes of DIEP, and midline crossover of SIEV.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.12-22
• /
• 2024

The travelling salesman problem is very famous and very difficult combinatorial optimization problem that has several applications in operations research, computer science and industrial engineering. As the problem is difficult, finding its optimal solution is computationally very difficult. Thus, several researchers have developed heuristic/metaheuristic algorithms for finding heuristic solutions to the problem instances. In this present study, a new hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) is suggested to find heuristic solution to the problem. In our HGA we used comprehensive sequential constructive crossover, adaptive mutation, 2-opt search and a new local search algorithm along with a replacement method, then executed our HGA on some standard TSPLIB problem instances, and finally, we compared our HGA with simple genetic algorithm and an existing state-of-the-art method. The experimental studies show the effectiveness of our proposed HGA for the problem.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 2002

Modified polymer electrolyte membranes were fabricated by the applying dc magnetron sputter-deposited Pd thin layers on the surface of the $Nafion^{TM}$ membranes in argon atmosphere. The Pd thin films were characterized by investigating its morphology, methanol permeability, and protonic conductivity. The performance of a direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC) with the modifed polymer electrolyte membrane was also tested by the measurement of its currents and voltages under flowing methanol. The Pd thin film could be a barrier layer to methanol crossover, but the protonic conductivity of the modified polymer membrane was reduced. By using the modified polymer eletrolyte membranes, both the methanol permeability and the protonic conductivity were decreased with increasing the thickness of Pd thin film. However, the performances of DMFC were almost independent on the thickness of Pd thim films. The efffcts of methanol concentration in a feeding fuels on the protonic conductivity and the cell performance were also investigated.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.960-966
• /
• 1997

The effects of epoxy resins and content of catalyst on the cure characteristics were studied by FT-IR, DSC and dynamic viscometer for the thermal properties and rheological properties of the catalytic (N-Benzylpyrazinium hexafluoroantimonate, BPH) epoxy thermosetting system. Compared with DSC results of DEGBF containing 0.5wt% BPH, the DSC thermograms of DGEBA containing 0.5wt% BPH indicated that the reaction was faster than that of DGEBF/BPH and the conversion rate of DGEBA/BPH was high in the initial stage of the reaction. As the concentration of BPH increases, the reaction and conversion rates show similar value in both the cases. The influence of hydroxyl group of epoxy resin on gel point defined from the crossover point of storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") could be explained by the formation of 3-dimensional network in the initial stage owing to the curing reaction between epoxides and hydroxyl groups of epoxy resin. This was consistent with the gel point obtained from DSC, FT-IR and moduli crossover. The activation energy (Et) obtained from the crossover point (G'/G"=1) are $31-39kJ.mol^{-1}$ for various BPH compositions in case of two epoxy systems.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.43 no.12 s.354
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2006

Handover of WiBro is based on 802.16e hard handover scheme. When PSS is handover, it is handover that confirm neighbor's cell condition and RAS ID in neighbor advertisement message. Serving RAS transmits HO-notification message to neighbor RAS. Transmiting HO-notification message to neighbor RAS, it occurs many signaling traffics. Also, When WiBro is handover, It occurs many packet loss. Therefore, user suffer service degradation. LPM handover is supporting seamless handover because it buffers data packets during handover. So It is proposed scheme that predicts is LPM handover and reserves target RAS with pre-authentication. These schemes occur many signaling traffics. In this paper, we propose PSS Movement Prediction to solve signaling traffic. Target RAS is decided by old data in history cache. When serving RAS receives HO-notification-RSP message to target RAS, target RAS inform to crossover node. And crossover node bicast data packet. If handover is over, target RAS forward data packet. Therefore, It reduces signaling traffics but increase handover success rate. When history cache success, It decrease about 48% total traffic. But When history cache fails, It increase about 6% total traffic

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.514-528
• /
• 2004

An emotion-based video scene retrieval algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, abrupt/gradual shot boundaries are detected in the video clip representing a specific story Then, five video features such as 'average color histogram' 'average brightness', 'average edge histogram', 'average shot duration', and 'gradual change rate' are extracted from each of the videos and mapping between these features and the emotional space that user has in mind is achieved by an interactive genetic algorithm. Once the proposed algorithm has selected videos that contain the corresponding emotion from initial population of videos, feature vectors from the selected videos are regarded as chromosomes and a genetic crossover is applied over them. Next, new chromosomes after crossover and feature vectors in the database videos are compared based on the similarity function to obtain the most similar videos as solutions of the next generation. By iterating above procedures, new population of videos that user has in mind are retrieved. In order to show the validity of the proposed method, six example categories such as 'action', 'excitement', 'suspense', 'quietness', 'relaxation', 'happiness' are used as emotions for experiments. Over 300 commercial videos, retrieval results show 70% effectiveness in average.

• New Physics: Sae Mulli
• /
• v.68 no.12
• /
• pp.1302-1307
• /
• 2018

The crystallographic, electrical and magnetic behaviors of magnetite powder in the vicinity of its Verwey transition were investigated in this study. Magnetite was prepared by synthesizing a nanoparticle precursor and then annealing it at $800^{\circ}C$ for 1 h under a dynamic vacuum. Crystallographic and morphology analyses were done by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrical and the magnetic properties were examined by using $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and resistivity measurement. Both the magnetic moment and the resistivity showed discontinuous changes at the Verwey transition temperature ($T_V$). The temperature dependence of magnetic anisotropy constant showed a monotonic decrease with increasing temperature, with slight dip near $T_V$. $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectra showed the superposition of two sextets, one from the tetrahedral (A) and the other from the octahedral (B) sites. The results revealed that identical charge states existed in the B site at temperatures both above and below $T_V$. A coordination crossover resulted in a transition from an inverse to a normal spinel at or close to $T_V$.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.8
• /
• pp.371-380
• /
• 2023

Relation extraction is to extract relationships between named entities from text. Traditionally, relation extraction methods only extract relations between predetermined subject and object entities. However, in end-to-end relation extraction, all possible relations must be extracted by considering the positions of the subject and object for each pair of entities, and so this method uses time and resources inefficiently. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes a method that sets directions based on the positions of the subject and object, and extracts relations according to the directions. The proposed method utilizes existing relation extraction data to generate direction labels indicating the direction in which the subject points to the object in the sentence, adds entity position tokens and entity type to sentences to predict the directions using a pre-trained language model (KLUE-RoBERTa-base, RoBERTa-base), and generates representations of subject and object entities through probabilistic crossover operation. Then, we make use of these representations to extract relations. Experimental results show that the proposed model performs about 3 ~ 4%p better than a method for predicting integrated labels. In addition, when learning Korean and English data using the proposed model, the performance was 1.7%p higher in English than in Korean due to the number of data and language disorder and the values of the parameters that produce the best performance were different. By excluding the number of directional cases, the proposed model can reduce the waste of resources in end-to-end relation extraction.