• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2024.07a
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• pp.1322-1322
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• 2024

Reinforced concrete (RC) , a major contributor to resource depletion and harmful emissions, fuels research on optimizing its design. Optimizing RC structures is challenging due to the mix of discrete and continuous variables, hindering traditional differentiation-based methods. Thus, this study aims to optimize RC structures cost-effectively using deep reinforcement learning. When the Agent selects design variables, Environment checks design criteria based on KDS 14-20 code (South Korea) and calculates reward. The Agent updates its Neural Network with this reward. Target for optimization is a simply supported doubly RC beam, with design variables including cross-section dimensions, sizes and quantities of tension and compression reinforcement, and size of stirrups. We used 200,000 training sets and 336 test sets, each with live load, dead load, beam length variables. To exclude labeled data, multiple training iterations were conducted. In the initial training, the reward was the ratio of maximum possible cost at beam length to the designed structure's cost. Next iterations used the ratio of optimal values by the previous Agent to the current Agent as the reward. Training ended when the difference between optimal values from the previous and current Agent was within 1% for test data. Brute Force Algorithm was applied to the test set to calculate the actual cost-optimal design for validation. Results showed within 10% difference from actual optimal cost, indicating successful deep reinforcement learning application without labeled data. This study benefits the rapid and accurate calculation of optimized designs and construction processes in Building Information Modeling (BIM) applications.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1990

The present study was focussed mainly on the morphological changes of the glandular tubules in the large intestine according to age of piglets. Samples were taken from large intesine of 1-, 10-, 20-, 35- and 45-day-old piglets, 2 to 3 piglets in each age group. The intestinal samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution, dehydrated, and then paraffin sections were stained with H-E. The results observed were summarized as follows: 1. The mucosal glands in the cecum and colon tend to be unbranched simple straight tubular glands, or often two or more branched simple stright tubular glands. 2. The number of the longitudinal folds and the number of the crypts per cross section of piglet colons, respectively, were 1-day-old piglets-$3.8{\pm}0.8$, $92.1{\pm}6.9$; 10-day-old piglets-$7.1{\pm}1.1$, $164.2{\pm}10.3$; 20-day-old piglets-$15.2{\pm}0.8$, $178.5{\pm}6.8$; 35-day-old piglets-$19.3{\pm}3.0$, $454.9{\pm}25.3$; 45-day-old piglets-$20.6{\pm}3.1$, $524.6{\pm}37.2$, and the regression equation between age and these two number were $\hat{Y}=0.40X+4.32$ and $\hat{Y}=10.4X+51.52$, respectively. 3. The length and cell number per single side wall of a glandular tubule in the colon section were 1-day-old piglets-$196.3{\pm}7.1{\mu}m$, $40.0{\pm}3.3$; 10-day-old piglets-$236.0{\pm}34.5{\mu}m$, $47.9{\pm}5.3$; 20-day-old piglets-$262.8{\pm}39.6{\mu}m$, $54.3{\pm}9.0$; 35-day-old piglets-$291.75{\pm}48.3{\mu}m$, $56.9{\pm}4.9$; 45-day-old piglets-$364.8{\pm}61.5{\mu}m$, $67.7{\pm}7.4$, respectively, and the regression equation between age and these two data were $\hat{Y}=3.45X+193.8$ and $\hat{Y}=0.56X+41.0$, respectively. 4. The overall percentages of the cell number and length of glandular tubules in piglet colons were the pit and isthmus-$75.3{\pm}11.1%$, $78.8{\pm}12.3%$; gland-$24.7{\pm}5.4%$, $21.2{\pm}5.3%$, respectively. 5. The length and cell number of single side wall of glandular tubules in cecal sections were 1-day-old piglets-$190.3{\pm}31.1{\mu}m$, $37.6{\pm}4.8$; 10-day-old piglets-$235.6{\pm}25.3{\mu}m$, $46.2{\pm}3.6$; 20-day-old piglets-$295.3{\pm}45.6{\mu}m$, $52.0{\pm}6.2$; 35-day-old piglets-$351.3{\pm}28.3{\mu}m$, $60.4{\pm}8.5$; 45-day-old piglets-$366.3{\pm}48.5{\mu}m$, $64.7{\pm}8.2$, respectively, and the regression equation between age and these two data were $\hat{Y}=4.11X+196.6$ and $\hat{Y}=0.60X+38.9$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.265-271
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• 2021

The pattern of the tree's internal swelling depends on many causes. Since it is difficult to detect these various causes of swelling with a general method, if the state of swelling for a long time cannot be confirmed, serious damage to the trees may occur due to enlargement of the swelling area. In the method of acquiring a tree tomography image, an impulse passing through the tree is generated by tapping the sensor with a rubber mallet, and the moving speed is recorded. In this paper, to measure cracks, cavities, and swelling due to physical damage, we developed a 3D viewer that can know the internal state of a tree using a tree cross-section image acquired from Arbotom to determine the degree of swelling inside the tree. Based on this, we tried to present data that can be referred to when surgical operation of trees is required. In order to acquire a tomographic image of a tree, 6 sensors were attached to the three Yangpala and Maple trees, and a 1 m-long tree was measured using the Arbotom program, and a 3D image was implemented through the 3D Viewer created using MATLAB. In addition to simply acquiring images, the cross-sectional length and volume of the tree were measured. In the actually produced 3D Viewer, the length of the part where the swelling of the maple tree occurred was 33.12 cm, and the swelling of the yangpala tree was measured as 21.41 cm. The volume of the maple tree was measured to be 78.832 ㎤. As a result of comparing the cross-sectional image of the Arbotom and the 3D image, the same result as the real aspect of the tree was obtained, so it can be judged that the reliability of the manufactured software is also secured, and data to be applied to the surgical tree operation through the created Viewer is provided. It is believed that the damage will be minimized.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.109-120
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• 2018

The distributional characteristics of fault segments in Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks from southeastern Gyeongsang Basin were derived. The 267 sets of fault segments showing linear type were extracted from the curved fault lines delineated on the regional geological map. First, the directional angle(${\theta}$)-length(L) chart for the whole fault segments was made. From the related chart, the general d istribution pattern of fault segments was derived. The distribution curve in the chart was divided into four sections according to its overall shape. NNE, NNW and WNW directions, corresponding to the peaks of the above sections, indicate those of the Yangsan, Ulsan and Gaeum fault systems. The fault segment population show near symmetrical distribution with respect to $N19^{\circ}E$ direction corresponding to the maximum peak. Second, the directional angle-frequency(N), mean length(Lm), total length(Lt) and density(${\rho}$) chart was made. From the related chart, whole domain of the above chart was divided into 19 domains in terms of the phases of the distribution curve. The directions corresponding to the peaks of the above domains suggest the directions of representative stresses acted on rock body. Third, the length-cumulative frequency graphs for the 18 sub-populations were made. From the related chart, the value of exponent(${\lambda}$) increase in the clockwise direction($N10{\sim}20^{\circ}E{\rightarrow}N50{\sim}60^{\circ}E$) and counterclockwise direction ($N10{\sim}20^{\circ}W{\rightarrow}N50{\sim}60^{\circ}W$). On the other hand, the width of distribution of lengths and mean length decrease. The chart for the above sub-populations having mutually different evolution characteristics, reveals a cross section of evolutionary process. Fourth, the general distribution chart for the 18 graphs was made. From the related chart, the above graphs were classified into five groups(A~E) according to the distribution area. The lengths of fault segments increase in order of group E ($N80{\sim}90^{\circ}E{\cdot}N70{\sim}80^{\circ}E{\cdot}N80{\sim}90^{\circ}W{\cdot}N50{\sim}60^{\circ}W{\cdot}N30{\sim}40^{\circ}W{\cdot}N40{\sim}50^{\circ}W$) < D ($N70{\sim}80^{\circ}W{\cdot}N60{\sim}70^{\circ}W{\cdot}N60{\sim}70^{\circ}E{\cdot}N50{\sim}60^{\circ}E{\cdot}N40{\sim}50^{\circ}E{\cdot}N0{\sim}10^{\circ}W$) < C ($N20{\sim}30^{\circ}W{\cdot}N10{\sim}20^{\circ}W$) < B ($N0{\sim}10^{\circ}E{\cdot}N30{\sim}40^{\circ}E$) < A ($N20{\sim}30^{\circ}E{\cdot}N10{\sim}20^{\circ}E$). Especially the forms of graph gradually transition from a uniform distribution to an exponential one. Lastly, the values of the six parameters for fault-segment length were divided into five groups. Among the six parameters, mean length and length of the longest fault segment decrease in the order of group III ($N10^{\circ}W{\sim}N20^{\circ}E$) > IV ($N20{\sim}60^{\circ}E$) > II ($N10{\sim}60^{\circ}W$) > I ($N60{\sim}90^{\circ}W$) > V ($N60{\sim}90^{\circ}E$). Frequency, longest length, total length, mean length and density of fault segments, belonging to group V, show the lowest values. The above order of arrangement among five groups suggests the interrelationship with the relative formation ages of fault segments.

• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.101-142
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• 1998

1. Objects The base of classification of Sasang Constitution was the different congenital formation of organs such as lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, and it was expanded from the viscera region of lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys to the body shape of trunk. The researched about body shape of Sasang Constitution have had points of issues which derived by measurement with hands. But this study was measured the characteristics of body shape putting in importance of anatomical position with the computerized 3-Dimension scanner, which minimized the errors of measurement, and it was abled the cubic measurement such as volume, area of cross section as well as round length. 2. Materials & Method The examinee was healthy male 40 persons and female 20 persons from 20's to 40's, who was diagnosed by the specialist of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. The body shape was measured round length, area of cross section, and volume of 31 anatomical points and the 25 hypothesis with the Rapid 3D Color Scanner Model 3030 RGB/PS. And the characteristics of each constitution's body shape was derived. 3. Results & Concousion In female, Taeumin had the largest trunk and Soeumin had the smallest trunk compared to other constitution, but Soyangin had only the smallest neck. Soeumin has the smallest round length of nipple and the $CV_{12}$, and Soyangin has the smallest breadth of ASIS. Soyangin had the smallest volume from thyroid bone to the highest points of armpits and from sternum to nipple. Taeumin had the largest volume from sternum to the $CV_{12}$ and from sternum to xiphoid process. In male, Taeumin had the largest trunk and Soeumin had the smallest trunk from the level of thyroid bone to ASIS. Soyangin has the longest distance and Soeumin has the shortest distance from nipple to the lowest of breast. Taeumin had the largest volume of trunk and Soeumin had the smallest volume of trunk. In the ration of four-Cho, Taeumin had the longest distance from the highest points of armpits to nipple and Soyangin had the shortest distance of that. Soyangin had the smallest ratio of the height of upper middle cho. Soeumin had the smallest ratio from the $CV_{12}$ to navel among trunk. In the correlation among the four Cho, Taeumin had the negative correlation between the Upper-Cho and the Lower-Middle-Cho significantly.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 2001

Purpose: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is relatively common in childhood. Its extrapulmonary manifestations have been reported so much, but hepatitis associated with it has not been studied yet until now in Korea. Methods: We performed the prospective study of 19 cases that had AST and ALT>50 IU/L respectively without evidence of hepatitis A, B, C, cytomegalovirus, and Ebstein-Barr virus infections amongst 143 patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Red Cross Hospital from Jan. 1999 to Dec. 2000. Results: 1) Hepatitis occurred in 13.3% of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, especially in fall and winter times. The average age was 4.86 years and male to female ratio was 2.2:1. 2) Vomiting was developed in 21.1%, diarrhea in 36.8%, and hepatomegaly in 21.1%, respectively. And leukocytosis was noted in 21.1%, eosinophilia in 15.4%, anemia in 10.5%, and thrombocytosis in 5.3%, respectively. The average level of C-reactive protein was $6.34{\pm}4.82$ mg/dl. 3) There was no hyperbilirubinemia, but hypoalbuminemia was detected in 42.1%. The average serum levels of AST and ALT were $214.05{\pm}183.22$ IU/L and $284.16{\pm}286.84$ IU/L, respectively. 4) Chest radiology showed lobar or lobular consolidation in 73.7%, bronchial infiltration in 26.3%, and pleural effusion in 31.6%. 5) The average length of hospitalization was 7.9 days, and the average length of normalization of serum transaminases was 8.8 days. All patients recovered within 2 weeks completely. Conclusion: The prognosis of M. pneumoniae hepatitis is good. However, its incidence is not so low that liver function should be considerately checked in case of M. pneumoniae infection.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.737-747
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• 1999

To estimate biomass and distribution of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), hydroacoustic survey was conducted on board of R/V Yuzhmorgeologiya, which was chartered by Korea Antarctic Research Program (KARP) group from 18 to 21 December 1998, in the northern part of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Ocean, The scientific echo sounder (towing body type) used was EK- 500 (SIMRAD, Norway) with echo integrator (BI-500) at 38 kHz frequency and recorded mean backscattering cross-section coefficient (SA) per 1 $mile^2$ of sea surface. Also, Bongo net sampling was carried out to determine the size of krill and CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth) casting to understand physical structure. Water column was divided into 5 layers (22$\~$65 m, 65$\~$115 m, l15$\~$65 m, 165$\~$215 m and 215$\~$315 m) to know vertical distribution of krill biomass. The standard length of krill collected was between 30 mm and 51 mm, and adult krill had single mode (41 mm). Maximum horizontal length of krill patch was about 35 nautical mile and vertical thickness was about 275 m. High density of krill was appeared in frontal area between Circumpolar Deep Water (>$1^{\circ}C$) and very low temperature water mass (< $-0.5^{\circ}C$) that originate from Weddell Sea. According to the results calculated using target strength equation, krill density was totally higher in continental slope and open water areas than in coastal area. In the study area, krill seems to distribute in depth; density was low at first layer ($\={\rho}=17.0\;g/m^2$) and higher at fourth layer ($\={\rho}=40.19\;g/m^2$). The estimated krill biomass at total survey area and water column was about 2.77 million metric ion ($\={\rho}=151.0\;g/m^2$) and coefficient of valiance ( CV, $\%$) was 19.92. The proportions and biomass of krill biomass at each layer were as follows; layer 1 ($11.3\%$, 0.31 million metric ton, CV=16.24), layer 2 ($13.3\%$, 0.37 million metric ton, CV=34.91), layer 3 ($23.7\%$, 0.66 million metric ton, CV=41.5), layer 4 ($26.6\%$, 0.74 million metric ton, CV=27.84) and layer 5 ($25\%$, 0.69 million metric ton, CV= 26.83).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.114-127
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find out cold and fresh air producing areas using climate-ecological functions in Changwon city, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. The evaluation of climate-ecological functions were composed of the six factors: patch size with cold air generation and inflow functions, farmland and grassland ratio, mean slope degree, cross section types, mean slope length and roughness of bottom in valley. The analysis results of each evaluation factor in the study area were divided into 5 grades according to the capacity of cold air generation. The first-grade area with the highest factor values for cold air generation was take up 3.51% of the total study area, second grade was 13.48%, third grade was 31.65%, fourth grade was 27.28%, and fifth grade was 24.09%. According to the spatial distribution of cold air producing areas, the valleys around Mt. Bongnim, Changwon tunnel, and Anmin tunnel had higher evaluation grade. It will require the future research to establish the climate-ecological conservation areas and to construct the wind corridor based on the long-term microclimatic monitoring.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2010

Our study aims to understand the flow of liquid in an open-top rectangular microchannel that can be used in micro total analysis systems ($\mu$-TAS) because it has advantages in terms of light transmission and energy efficiency. We measured the liquid velocity using particle tracking technique and conducted a simulation with computational fluid dynamics by altering the area of channel cross section and channel length for the capillary-driven flow in the open-top rectangular microchannel. When liquid water drops to an entrance of the fabricated microchannel with a height of 20 μm and a width of 20 ${\mu}m$, it flows along the microchannel by only capillary force. In the wetting behavior of the liquid, important parameters of this flow are channel size, contact angle and liquid properties such as surface tension and viscosity, which are used to control the flow of liquid in the microchannel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1109-1120
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• 2009

This study develops a fitted torso type basic pattern for men by utilizing 3D body scan data. Recent fashion trends are reflected in the development of the pattern. The subjects were 15 men in their 20's, who wear size 95 (M size). Body scan data was obtained through a 3D whole body scanner (WB4, Cyberware, USA), and a body surface development figure for developing male fitted torso type basic pattern was attained through the use of Rapid Form 2006 as well as Auto CAD 2006 programs. The results are as follows: A body surface development figure through body surface segment method showed high exactitude in an error range of 100$\pm$1%. In addition, it occurred in an error range of 100:1:3% because of the hard scanning conditions in the incline of the shoulder and armpit areas. However, the body surface development figure as well as the direct measurement results can be used as basic data for the given patternmaking since the error range falls into 100$\pm$3%. Dart amounts obtained from the average cross section were center back 2.2cm (24.3%), back armpit point 3.8cm (41.8%), front armpit point 3.0cm (33.9%). As shown the jacket pattern, the biggest dart amount was portioned out at the back armpit point. The drafting equations for the development pattern acquired are as follows; Full width=C/2+5cm, back length=height/4-1cm, armhole depth=(C/10+12cm)+3cm, back width=2C/10+2cm, front width=2C/10. The development pattern was a fitted torso basic pattern that was composed of 3 pieces, so it would be very useful in developing shirt or jacket patterns. According to the results of the evaluation of the developed pattern appearance, it obtained higher scores of over 3.5 points in almost items, meaning that the developed pattern is appropriate for a male fitted torso type basic pattern. It suggests a possibility of patternmaking from a body surface development figure in 2-D to prototype.