• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제85권4호
• /
• pp.433-443
• /
• 2023

The current paper discusses the dynamic and stability responses of cross-ply composite laminated plates by employing a refined quasi-3D trigonometric shear deformation theory. The proposed theory takes into consideration shear deformation and thickness stretching by a trigonometric variation of in-plane and transverse displacements through the plate thickness and assures the vanished shear stresses conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate. The strong point of the new formulation is that the displacements field contains only 4 unknowns, which is less than the other shear deformation theories. In addition, the present model considers the thickness extension effects (ε_z≠0). The presence of the Winkler-Pasternak elastic base is included in the mathematical formulation. The Hamilton's principle is utilized in order to derive the four differentials' equations of motion, which are solved via Navier's technique of simply supported structures. The accuracy of the present 3-D theory is demonstrated by comparing fundamental frequencies and critical buckling loads numerical results with those provided using other models available in the open literature.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.331-349
• /
• 2006

The stresses and deflections in a laminated rectangular plate under thermal vibration are determined by using the moving least squares differential quadrature (MLSDQ) method based on the first order shear deformation theory. The weighting coefficients used in MLSDQ approximation are obtained through a fast computation of the MLS shape functions and their partial derivatives. By using this method, the governing differential equations are transformed into sets of linear homogeneous algebraic equations in terms of the displacement components at each discrete point. Boundary conditions are implemented through discrete grid points by constraining displacements, bending moments and rotations of the plate. Solving this set of algebraic equations yields the displacement components. Then substituting these displacements into the constitutive equation, we obtain the stresses. The approximate solutions for stress and deflection of laminated plate with cross layer under thermal load are obtained. Numerical results show that the MLSDQ method provides rapidly convergent and accurate solutions for calculating the stresses and deflections in a multi-layered plate of cross ply laminate subjected to thermal vibration of sinusoidal temperature including shear deformation with a few grid points.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.291-306
• /
• 2021

Based on Reissner's mixed variational theorem (RMVT), the authors develop a semi-analytical finite element (FE) method for a three-dimensional (3D) bending analysis of nonhomogeneous orthotropic, complete and incomplete toroidal shells subjected to uniformly-distributed loads. In this formulation, the toroidal shell is divided into several finite annular prisms (FAPs) with quadrilateral cross-sections, where trigonometric functions and serendipity polynomials are used to interpolate the circumferential direction and meridian-radial surface variations in the primary field variables of each individual prism, respectively. The material properties of the toroidal shell are considered to be nonhomogeneous orthotropic over the meridianradial surface, such that homogeneous isotropic toroidal shells, laminated cross-ply toroidal shells, and single- and bi-directional functionally graded toroidal shells can be included as special cases in this work. Implementation of the current FAP methods shows that their solutions converge rapidly, and the convergent FAP solutions closely agree with the 3D elasticity solutions available in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제50권3호
• /
• pp.167-178
• /
• 2022

To investigate the influence of manufacturing environment on bonding performance of mixed cross laminated wood (CLT) using polyurethane (PUR) adhesive, a boiling water soak delamination test according to the temperature and relative humidity was conducted. The 5-ply mixed CLT consisted of Japanese Larch for external and middle layer and yellow poplar for internal layer. The PUR adhesives with different opening times of 10 and 30 minutes were used. The mixed CLT was manufactured according to pressing times of PUR and manufacturing environments of summer and winter. In case of summer environment, the delamination rate of the mixed CLT with pressing time of 4 hours using a PUR adhesive with open time of 10 minutes met the requirements of KS F 2081. In case of winter environment, the delamination rate of the mixed CLT didn't meet the requirements of KS standard. However, it was possible to confirm the effect of improving the adhesive performance by adjusting the pressing time according to the open time of the adhesive under the manufacturing conditions. The delamination rate of CLT with open time 30 minutes PUR, manufactured by indirect moisture supply methods was 11.2% better than direct moisture supply methods. As a result of delamination test in the same condition of relative humidity and adhesive, it was found that the temperature of manufacturing environment influences the adhesive performance.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.607-615
• /
• 2016

The delamination along the annual ring on the cross-section of laminae and the bonding strength according to the tangential angle between laminae were evaluated for the production of 3-ply cross-laminated timber (CLT) using domestic larch. Since there is no standard for CLT in Korea, the production and test of specimens for bonding strength followed the standard procedure of "Structural glued laminated timber" (KS F 3021). The standard specifies to exclude any measurement from the cracks of timbers resulted from drying or knots during delamination test of the glued laminated timbers. However, the failure of cross-sectional tissues along the annual rings was observed near the glue-line of all specimens during the delamination test. Because this phenomenon can generate defects in the CLT that may be exposed to various temperatures and relative humidities after the actual construction, the delamination percentage was measured by including this wood failure. As a result, the delamination percentage of the CLT which had been combined in such a way that the annual rings of outer lamina were directed inward was the lowest, which was around 13%, regardless of the annual ring direction of the middle lamina. On the other hand, the delamination percentage of the CLT which had been combined in such a way that the annual rings of outer lamina were directed outward was the highest, which was around 26%. Furthermore, end-split occurred in the outer lamina during the drying process of the boiling delamination test, which affected the delamination percentage. Therefore, the soaking delamination test was found to be more appropriate for evaluating the delamination strength of CLT. The block shear strength of larch CLT was $3.9{\pm}0.9$ MPa on average, which was 46% lower than the block shear strength requirement (7.1 MPa) of the standard, but satisfied the criteria of the block shear strength (3.5 MPa) of the European Standard (prEN 16351: 2013).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제47권5호
• /
• pp.547-556
• /
• 2019

Thinned, small larch logs have small diameters and no value-added final use, except as wood chips, pallets, or fuel wood, which are products with very low economic value; however, their mechanical strength is suitable for structural applications. In this study, small larch logs were sawed, dried, and cut into square timbers (with a $90mm{\times}90mm$ cross section) that were laterally glued to form core panels used to manufacture cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall panels. The surface and back of these core panels were covered with 12-mm-thick structural plywood panels, used as cross bands to obtain three-ply CLT wall panels. This attachment procedure was conducted in two different ways: gluing and pressing (CGCLT) or gluing and nailing (NGCLT). The size of the as-manufactured CLT panels was $1,220mm{\times}2,440mm$, the same as that of the plywood panels. The final wall panels were tested under lateral shear force in accordance with KS F 2154. As the lateral load resistance test required $2,440mm{\times}2,440mm$ specimens, two CLT wall panels had to be attached in parallel. In addition, the final CLT panels had tongued and grooved edges to allow parallel joints between adjacent pieces. For comparison, conventional light-frame timber shear walls and midply wall systems were also tested under the same conditions. Shear walls with edge nail spacing of 150 mm and 100 mm, the midply wall system, and the fabricated CGCLT and NGCLT wall panels exhibited maximum lateral resistances of 6.1 kN/m (100%), 9.7 kN/m (158%), 16.9 kN/m (274%), 29.6 kN/m (482%), and 35.8 kN/m (582%), respectively.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국복합재료학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.89-92
• /
• 2001

Drop weight impact tests were performed to investigate the impact behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy composite laminates reinforced by short fibers and other interleaving materials. Characterization techniques, such as cross-sectional fractography and scanning acoustic microscopy, were employed quantitatively to assess the internal damage of some composite laminates. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe impact damage and fracture modes on specimen fracture surfaces. The results show that composite laminates experience various types of fracture; delamination, intra-ply cracking, matrix cracking and fiber breakage depending on the interlayer materials. Among the composite laminates tested in this study, the composites reinforced by Zylon fibers showed very good impact damage resistance with medium level of damage, while the composites interleaved by poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PEEA) film is expected to deteriorate the bulk strength due to the reduction of fiber volume fraction, even though the damaged area is significantly reduced.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제57권2호
• /
• pp.295-313
• /
• 2016

In this study, the three-dimensional finite element method is used to determine the stress intensity factor in Mode I and Mixed mode of a centered crack in an aluminum specimen repaired by a composite patch using contour integral. Various mesh densities were used to achieve convergence of the results. The effect of adhesive joint thickness, patch thickness, patch-specimen interface and layer sequence on the SIF was highlighted. The results obtained show that the patch-specimen contact surface is the best indicator of the deceleration of crack propagation, and hence of SIF reduction. Thus, the reduction in rigidity of the patch especially at adhesive layer-patch interface, allows the lowering of shear and normal stresses in the adhesive joint. The choice of the orientation of the adhesive layer-patch contact is important in the evolution of the shear and peel stresses. The patch will be more beneficial and effective while using the cross-layer on the contact surface.

• Composites Research
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2001

피로 손상을 입은 복합재료 적층보의 모재 균열로 인한 유효 휨 강성 저하 모델를 제시하고 이 모형에 대한 고유 진동수 변화를 예측하는 새로운 비파괴 예측 모델을 개발하였다. 인장 하중하에서 피로 손상을 입은 직교 복합재료 적층보의 고유진동수는 유효 휨 강성 저하를 $0^{\circ}$층과 $90^{\circ}$층의 탄성 계수와 함수 관계로 둠으로서 복합재료 적층보의 피로수명을 예측하였다. 피로 하중하에서 복합재료 적층보의 $90^{\circ}$층 탄성 계수 저하와 다른 층($0^{\circ}$층)에 본래 갖고 있는 탄성 계수를 적층판 이론에 적용하여 유효 휨 강성을 유도하였다. 직교 복합재료 적층보에 대해 피로 실험시 초기의 파단 양상은 대개 $90^{\circ}$층에서의 모재 균열이 지배적으로 나타나는데, 이를 이용하여 고유진동수 감소 모델은 직교 복합재료 적층보에서의 고유진동수 대 피로 사이클 곡선을 나타낼 수 있었다. 이와 같은 고유진동수 감소 모델의 타당성을 입증하기 위하여 $[{90}_2/0_2]_s$ 탄소섬유/에폭시 복합재료 적층보에 대한 진동 실험을 수행하였다. 본 모델의 예측 결과와 실험 결과가 잘 일치하는 바 본 논문에서 제시한 강성 저하 모델의 타당성을 입증하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.161-171
• /
• 2006

본 논문은 고정과 자유 경계의 다양한 조합을 갖는 직사각형 복합적층판의 고유진동에하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수학적으로 완전한 특성직교다항식으로 표현되는 근사변위와 Ritz법을 이용하여 Lagrange 범함수의 정상값을 구하였다. 3차원 모델의 정확성이 무차원 진동수의 수렴도를 검토하여 이루어졌으며, 또한 기존 문헌상의 해석결과와의 비교를 통하여 진동수의 정확성을 검토하였다. 본 논문에서 제시된 3차원 진동수의 결과를 이용하여 복합적층판의 기하 및 재료에 관한 매개변수 즉, 형상비(${\mathcal{a/b}}$), 폭두께비(${\mathcal{a/h}}$), 재료의 직교이방성, 플라이 수(${\mathcal{N}}$), 섬유배향각(${\theta}$) 및 적층순서가 미치는 효과를 설명하였다.