• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.21-46
• /
• 2019

This study compares the ethical inclination regarding consumer misbehaviors from two countries with contrasting cultural characteristics. National samples of South Korean and American adults provided their perceptions of the appropriateness of 12 ethically questionable consumer actions. The scenarios ranged from illegal actions, such as fraudulently inflating one's losses when filing an insurance claim to legal, yet questionable, actions such as purchasing an item that the buyer recognizes as having been mispriced. The 12 scenarios exhibited a wide range of mean responses in both countries, thereby supporting the oft-stated premise that consumer ethics is a situational phenomenon. Findings indicate not only where the cultures diverge but also where they converge towards a degree of congruence. Plausible explanations for differences based upon cultural dynamics are provided.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.331-339
• /
• 2009

Cultural characteristics of a country can affect consumers' buying behaviors. So global companies should think about cultural characteristics of the country that they want do marketing activities. Especially it is very important in sports product marketing because it is closely related with cultural characteristics of the country. This study examines relations between cultural characteristics and advertising strategy for sports product among Korea, England and France. I used content analysis method for this study. I found that Korea and France have similar cultural characteristics and advertising strategy for sports product but England has different cultural characteristics and advertising strategy for sports product. sense of community effect to community identification and community loyalty. Satisfaction of need, Emotional advertising strategy is mostly used in Korea and France. But rational advertising strategy is mostly used in England.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.66 no.3
• /
• pp.75-92
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to prove how sociocultural perspective of obesity, differences in consumers' perception of body and attitudes of accepting obesity affected individuals' clothing behaviors through cross-cultural studies. The data collected were composed of 612 Korean and US consumers in the 20's and 30's that had experiences in purchasing plus-size products. The results were as follows. First, BMI index was lower in Korean consumers than the US consumers, but Korean consumers received more stress from being overweight compared to the US consumers, and had a more negative attitude about their body. Second, although Korean consumers had lower BMI index and degrees of obesity than US consumers, they were severely stressed by obesity and were found to have a higher level of dissatisfaction with their bodies. Third, Korean consumers responded more sensitively to obesity and had a tendency to display a more negative attitude regarding obesity, and a more passive dependence on clothing. Forth, differences in the body shape were reflected even in wearing evaluation, and US consumers showed a more positive attitude toward evaluations of size suitability and fitness. Fifth, the plus-size market for Korean consumers was still not active, and most products purchased were generic brands obtained from online shopping malls through the Internet. However, in the case of the US, in which the ratio of obese people is high and the plus-size market is growing, consumers were purchasing plus-size brands through various distribution online and offline channels. Sixth, Korean consumers were less satisfied than US consumers with shops, sizes and fitness; however, they were more satisfied with design factors. Finally, it is expected that this study can offer practical implications for marketers and product developers running plus-size market for young obese consumers in their 20 and 30s.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.53-65
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the decision making styles of Korean and American consumers. Focus group interviews were used as the median to collect information related to their methods of approach to a market to buy a universal need such as clothing for personal use. Findings suggest that within each construct, there may be different factors that should be used to measure the decision making styles of Korean and American consumers. It also implies that the previously established Consumer Decision making styles instrument may not be a reliable measure cross-culturally. Recommendations for future research are suggested.

• Research in Mathematical Education
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.149-170
• /
• 2014

The Vietnamese language has a specific property related to the zero in the name-number system. This study was conducted to examine the impact of linguistic differences and of the zero's position in a number on a transcoding task (verbal number into Arabic number). Vietnamese children and French-speaking Belgian children, from grades 3 to 6, participated in the study. The success rate and the type of errors they made varied, depending on their grade and language. At Grade 4, Vietnamese children showed performances equivalent to Grade 6 Belgian children. Our results confirmed the support provided by language to the understanding and performances in a transcoding task. Results also showed that a syntactic zero is easier to manipulate than a lexical zero for Vietnamese children. The relative influence of language and the source of errors are discussed.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.24
• /
• pp.112-119
• /
• 2011

This study presents experiments which examined the role of amplitude and fundamental frequency (f0) in the phonetic perception of short versus long stop length contrasts in Japanese (e.g., [t] vs. [tt]). Stop length contrasts are normally characterized by differences in the duration of stop closures. However, closure duration can be unreliable as a perceptual cue when one considers variability in the rate at which people speak. Acoustically, the amplitude and f0 of the vowel following stop consonants are known to covary with the length distinction of stops in Japanese. Given this fact, the current study examined amplitude and f0 as potential secondary cues to the distinction. The results indicate that even though both amplitude and f0 are robust correlates, Japanese listeners do not use these cues in categorizing short versus long stops.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.38
• /
• pp.331-349
• /
• 2015

"San-Jia-Zhu" is the integrated study of "Shi-Ji" of the Sui and Tang dynasty. It has preserved the ancient note large, rich notes, annotation methods, which have a greater impact on historical research. In collating, "San-Jia-Zhu" not only for 's error correction, and the comprehensive use of various methods of collation in collating process. First, he paid attention to the contrast between different versions very much, to determine the word errors using the similarities and differences between different versions of the diffracted off. This draft is $\ll$Shiji${\gg}$ from ancient Chinese research methods to explore the characters, phonology, syntax, exegesis, collation of historical value.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
• /
• v.14 no.1_spc
• /
• pp.391-407
• /
• 2008

In order to observe from a cross-cultural point of view, the temperament and character of German and Korean adolescents were compared. The 715 German subjects aged 12-18(M=14.70, SD=1.80) and 1411 Korean subjects of the same age(M=15.18, SD=1.69) were assessed through JTCI 12-18 as to whether there exist differences in temperament and character between the two groups. According to the outcomes of the t-test, the German and Korean adolescents show significant differences in all 6 main scales of temperament and character, with only one exception in the character scale, that of 'self-transcendence.' If we analyze the effect size, because even small differences in great samples becomes statistically significant differences, the significant outcomes appeared only in two scales, one of temperament(Harm Avoidance) and the other of character(Self-Directedness): Korean subjects showed a higher tendency of Harm Avoidance related to inhibitions and anxiety and a lower tendency of Self-Directedness, meaning self-acceptance, purposefulness etc. Sex-differences according to the effect size showed only on the scale of Reward Dependence, which was the same in both samples. The outcomes are discussed according to the concepts of individualism and collectivism which are used to divide the Western and Asian cultures. It is also suggested to view these outcomes in the education-political and social bases of each country.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 2007

The aim of this paper was to compare differences and similarities of farmhouses between Denmark and Korea as a cross-cultural study. Farmhouses built during the 18th and 19th centuries in Denmark, and ones from Chosun Dynasty (AD. 1392-1910) in Korea were targets of this study. Literature study and field trips to districts and open-air museums in both countries were used. Field trips were carried out during summer of 2005 in Denmark, and fall of 2005 in Korea. Detailed comparisons focused on farmhouse plans, the use of rooms and furnishing, and building materials. As a conclusion, some differences were found between the two countries. In terms of farmhouse plans, square types with four wings, and parallel types were the most frequent forms in Denmark, while a few types, such as the "I", "L", "U" shapes and square types, were more frequently found in Korea. In Denmark, the most important room was the dwelling-room, in which daily family life took place. Every member of the family slept, ate, and worked here, and kept geese and young animals during the winter season. Therefore, this room was laid out in the center of the house. However, Anbang, the most important room in Korea, was not situated in the best part of the house. Instead, the Daechung-maru occupied the center and the best place because the daechung-maru, in which the ancestral ceremony was held, was thought of as more important than a place for live people. Also the use of rooms and furnishing was quite different between the two countries, reflecting each life style. Danish furnishings represented practical daily life, while Korean furnishings reflected more conceptual aspects. It might have resulted from Confucianism in the Chosun Dynasty, which ruled daily life and even influenced use of rooms and furnishings. In other word, philosophy influenced common peoples' daily life and living environment. With reference to building materials, there was rarely a difference between the two countries. Major materials for farmhouse were quite common, such as half-timbering wood and clay, but the difference was in bricks and roof coverings. Bricks were rarely used in Korean farmhouses, while rice-straw was rare for the roof of a Danish farmhouse. Of course, the choice of materials was strongly affected by the local surroundings and overall environment. This result can give some clues for design ideas when architects and interior designers plan housing that is adapted for local peoples. This kind of cross-cultural study can also contribute to one's understanding of foreign culture, especially in housing and culture. And, it can broaden one's insight of design ideas for designers who have to compete frequently with designers in foreign countries.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.157-168
• /
• 2016

Objective: This study examined the intellectual characteristics of 1,700 Korean children aged 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months across two age ranges (2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months; 4 years to 7 years, 7 months). Methods: Data from the standardization study of the K-WPPSI-IV were analyzed using Korean and American norms and in terms of socioeconomic variables such as region, maternal education level, and child gender. Results: Korean children performed differently from their American counterparts in most subtests and indexes. Verbal subtest performances for Korean children were significantly lower and performance subtest performances for Korean children were significantly higher. There were significant regional differences, with higher performances among children from Seoul than from other areas. Children whose mothers had higher education levels showed higher performances than their counterparts. This trend was more apparent in the older age range. Gender differences were found in most subtests, with girls showing higher scores than boys. Conclusion: This study revealed cross-cultural differences in intellectual characteristics measured with the newly standardized K-WPPSI-IV. In addition, significant effects of socioeconomic variables such as region, maternal education level, and gender were found.