• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.99-107
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• 2013

In this study, field scale test was conducted to estimate the TMDL coefficients (runoff and leachate:(${\beta}4$)(${\beta}5$)(${\beta}8$)) for the livestock resources applying to agricultural crop land as fertilizer, and the results were obtained as follows. Each waste reduction coefficient(${\beta}4$) was shown to be in the range of 0.94~0.75 for public waste treatment plants and 0.99~0.83 for private waste treatment in the analysis of BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P, TOC. Thus private plants showed higher rate. Waste treatment discharge into the land coefficient (${\beta}5$) was also shown to be in the range of 0.4.~0.24 for public plants and 0.75~0.16 for private plants, so it is much lower than other coefficients. However SS and T-P were shown to be much higher for land discharge in private plants than in public plants. Treatment coefficient in the public plants (${\beta}8$) appeared to be average 0.75 for T-P but over 90% treatment efficiency and also large deviation were observed due to 0.2 of some other treatment plants.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-114
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• 2014

Scale insects heavily damaged many agricultural crops and trees in urban and forest areas. This study was conducted to carry out alternative control methods for environmentally friendly control of scale insects. Hot water extract of Quisquali indica produced high mortality against the black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae in previously experiment. Methanol extract obtained from fruit of Q. indica was successively fractionated using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, buthanol and water which were examined by exposing for their insecticidal activity against four Cocoidea species (Eriococcus lagerstroemiae, Ceroplastes japonicus, Crisicoccus pini and Planococcus citri) in laboratory. Hexane fraction gave the highest insecticidal activity against scale insect pest. GC-mass analysis confirmed that the main compounds of Q. indica were alpha-pinene, methyl palmitate, eugenol, methyl myristate, phthalic acid mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester and palmitic acid. Among those compounds, ${\alpha}$-pinene was included 10 hexane subfractions. $LC_{50}$ of ${\alpha}$-pinene was 0.0114 ppm against 2nd instar of E. lagerstroemiae. These results suggest that Q. indica extracts might be used as an alternative control agent of scale insects.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2016

Several microorganisms in particular Bacillus subtilis group have been isolated from diverse places such as soils and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants etc., and used as biocontrol agent against various plant pathogens and utilized as plant growth promoting agents. Among them, Bacillus is well known as one of the most useful bacteria for biocontrol and plant growth promotion. Bacterium GH1-13 was isolated from a reclaimed paddy field in Wando Island and identified as Bacillus velezensis using phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene. It was confirmed that GH1-13 produced indole acetic acid (IAA) associated with promoted growth of rice root. GH1-13 showed characteristics of antagonization against the main pathogen of rice as well as diverse pathogenic fungi. GH1-13 had biosynthetic genes, bacillomycin, bacilycin, fengycin, iturin, and surfactin which are considered to be associated closely with inhibition of growth of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. This study showed that GH1-13 could be used as a multifunctional agent for biocontrol and growth promotion of crop.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.82-88
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate on the change of NaCl content during the food waste composting and on the safety of food waste compost(FWC) manufactured by the non-stirrer sealed fermenter. Plant culture test with pepper crop was also performed to see the effect of FWC, which was produced by the G co. ltd., on the growth of peper and migration of NaCl in soil. The culture test was performed at the farmland in Chungnam National University. The results were as follows; the NaCl content was gradually accumulated during food waste composting process, probably through water evaporation. Sodium concentration was, however, remarkably decreased at the final stage due to the desalting effect by water which was concentrated on the ceil of the fermentor. The analysis of chemical properties and humidity parameters on the food waste compost revealed that the product is quite a good qualified one. More than 0.5 tons of FWC application on red pepper cultivation caused diminished effect on the yield and the accumulation of salts on soil.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2006

An antagonistic bacterial isolate, that inhibits the growth of plant pathogens, was selected and identified from 5,000 isolates screened from the rhizosphere of various crop plants. An isolate Bacillus sp. N32, tested against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose disease in hot pepper, produced both a heat resistant antifungal protein and a heat sensitive antifungal protein. The heat resistant protein was partially purified by Ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration chromatography. The bioautography showed that the proteins possessed high antifungal activity. The biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the heat resistant antifungal protein was cloned from cosmid library using DNA probe obtained from PCR product with the primers targeting the conserved nucleotide sequence of the synthetic genes reported earlier, Most of the clones obtained showed higher homology to fengycin antibiotic synthetic gene family reported earlier. On the other hand, the heat sensitive protein was isolated from SDS-PAGE and electroblotting to determine the N-terminal amino acid sequences. The heat sensitive antifungal protein gene was cloned from the ${\lambda}-ZAP$ libraries using a DNA probe based on the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the heat sensitive protein. We are contemplating to clone and sequence the whole gene cluster encoding the heat sensitive protein for further analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.223-231
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• 2009

This study was performed to develop a precise single residue analytical method of fungicide fenhexamid in representative crops for general residue analytical method which could be applied to most of crops. Korean cabbage, mandarin, apple and green pepper were selected, macerated, extracted with acetone, concentrated and partitioned with dichloromethane. Then the extracts were concentrated and cleaned-up through Florisil column with ethyl acetate/0.1% acetic acid in hexane [15:85, (v/v)] before concentration and analysis with HPLC. LOQ (Limit of Quantitation) of fenhexamid was 1 ng (S/N>10) and MQL (Method Quantitative Limit) was 0.01 mg/kg. Recoveries were measured at two fortification levels (10 MQL and 50 MQL) on crop samples and ranged from 85.2% to 94.8% (mean recoveries) and coefficients of variation were <10% regardless of sample type.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2014

Purpose - Theorists and researchers in the area of customer satisfaction generally agree that product satisfaction intervenes between expectancy disconfirmation and various post-purchase cognitive states including attitude and behavioral intention. Studies in a variety of settings have supported the effect of expectation and its disconfirmation on satisfaction, but only a small number of studies address the cognitive consequences of satisfaction decisions and none report data on choice processes such as brand selection. This study examines the influence of satisfaction and its determinants on behavioral intention and product preference in eight coffee shops across the country. Generally it was found in both overall and summed attribute analyses that satisfaction was a function of expectation and disconfirmation, that intention was a function of satisfaction, and that preference was influenced by satisfaction and disconfirmation, the latter having the greater effect. Research design, data, and methodology - The main objective of this study was to assess the dimensions of consumer selection and satisfaction in choosing a coffee shop. In order to achieve this objective, a study of coffee shops across the country was conducted. This study comprised in-depth questionnaires distributed to coffee shop customers. A survey was conducted from September 1, 2011 to September 30, 2011, involving franchise coffee shop, independently owned coffee shop, and roastery coffee shop customers. Results - Hypothesis 1-1, which states that coffee shop choice attributes differ based on the type of coffee shop, is accepted. It has a significance level of 0.05, according to choosing properties of coffee shop by convenience of transportation, varieties of beans, residence of the owner (manager), information, and relationships. Hypothesis 1-2, which states that satisfaction with the choice factor differs depending on the type of coffee shops, is accepted. The P-values for cleanliness and varieties of beans were 0.04 and 0.00, respectively, and have a significance level of 0.05, according to the satisfaction with the chosen coffee shop. Hypothesis 2-1, which states that the importance of the choice attributes in coffee shop selections differs based on the demographic characteristics of the customers, is accepted. According to the t-test result, convenience of parking and residence of the owner (manager) are significant. Hypothesis 2-2, which states that satisfaction with the choice factor will differ depending of the type of coffee shop, is accepted. According to the t-test result, convenience of parking and residence of the owner (manager) are significant. Conclusions - This study has shown that intention to revisit a certain shop is most likely correlated to satisfaction in all cases. In order to offer subsequent developments for coffee shops, this study also identifies relations between customer satisfaction and selection by finding significant factors. In order to maximize customers' satisfaction, coffee shops should analyze and satisfy customers' needs and wants in terms of coffee service. While the findings do not generalize beyond the mall sampling procedure used here, we have hopefully identified a close approximation of the process of satisfaction decisions used by consumers generally.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Purpose - The structural changes of Korean agriculture are complex due to heterogeneous production processes and farms' features. This study analyzed trends of dualism in Korean agriculture over the period 2000-15 based on farm-level data to clarify the specific trends of dualism in terms of farm income, farm-size, and farm operators' age. From the results of this study, we would be able to understand the features of structural changes in Korean agriculture more profoundly. Research design, data, and methodology - We incorporated farm-level data in South Korea: Agricultural census and Farm household economy survey. As measures of inequality, we used size-weighted quantiles, and normalized Gini coefficients as well as mean and conventional quantiles. The size-weighted quantiles are more robust to changes in the number of small farms, but they are more sensitive to changes in the distribution of farm-size. Thus, they would be more useful to identify trends of dualism of Korean agriculture. Results - The results show that the farmland distribution of crop farms became more skewed and dispersed. However, the herd distribution of livestock farms became more concentrated. To be specific, their mean and 1st quantile increases more rapidly than their size-weighted 2nd quantile and size-weighted 3rd quantile. Gini coefficients of livestock farms regarding their herd distribution decreased by 0.1 on average. In the case of income distribution, the results indicate that the polarization regarding farm household/agricultural/non-agricultural income became more severe. However, we also found that the distribution of transfer income became concentrated continuously. The results imply that transfer income including subsidies would decrease farm income polarization. Lastly, during the study periods, Korean farms were aging over time, and age distribution of them more concentrated. Conclusions - The structure of Korean agriculture has been changing, even though the absolute size of it decreased over time. Land (herd) distribution became more dispersed (concentrated). Inequality regarding agricultural income became more severe, and it made farm household income more polarized even though transfer income would decrease income gaps among farms. Lastly, farms continue to age regardless of farm types and this might affect the structural changes in Korean agriculture in the future.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.398-406
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• 2013

For the maximal production of aphicidal metabolites produced by the Beauveria bassiana Bb08, statistical methods such as the Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology were used. The fungal culture filtrate was sprayed towards 3-star aphids and the mortality was examined. After the statistical analysis of the aphid mortality, the optimal culture conditions were found to be a culture temperature of $26.2^{\circ}C$, medium pH 5.9, flask shaking speed of 209.0 rpm, and culture time of 5.9 days. The expected mortality on days 4, 5, and 6 after spraying the filtrate on to the aphids were 76.8%, 84.9%, and 89.4%, respectively. All 4 factors of the culture conditions significantly affected the production of the aphicidal metabolites, and the order of significance was temperature, pH, culture time and shaking speed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

In Korea, groundwater is main water source in livestock farms. Most dairy and cattle farms have constructed their own wells for human drinking and livestock farming. However, these private residential wells have not been controlled by government and also there was scant study about livestock drinking water quality. Therefore this study was to monitor of the livestock farms' groundwater quality in Korea. Water samples were collected at 123 dairy and cattle farms and were analysed forty six substances with quality standard for drinking water approved by the Minister of Environment. Seventy eight (63.4%) of 123 samples failed to drinking water stand a test. The most frequent contaminants were nitrate-nitrogen and microbial. 22.8% (n=28) of samples showed nitrate-N concentration of higher than 10 mg/L meant that can't be used drinking water for human and the Nitrate-N concentration analysed in the range of 0.2 to 61.2 mg/L. All of 78 failed to drinking samples had microbial problems, especially 5.7% (n=7) of samples indicated water could be contaminated by feces. Other contaminants detected were zinc and evaporation residue. Especially detected zinc concentration (32 mg/L) was about ten times higher than standard of zinc (3 mg/L). Regression analysis indicated that groundwater pH did not influence to nitrate-N concentration but the hardness and chloride could affect to nitrate-N concentration in the groundwater. Most livestock farms were adjacent to crop farmland in Korea. This could cause contamination of groundwater with nitrate-N and pesticide that could accumulate livestock product. Moreover Heavy metal such as zinc and copper could be released from a corrosive plated water pipe in livestock farm. Put together, Korea livestock system is indoor, not pasture-based, hence livestock could be exposed to potential contaminated water consistently. Therefore on the basis of these data, appropriate livestock drinking water quality standards should be prepared to keep livestock healthy and their product safe. Further, livestock drinking water quality should be monitored continuously in suitable livestock drinking water standards.