• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.247-267
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• 2012

Calculating the displacements of retaining walls under seismic loads is a crucial part in optimum design of these structures and unfortunately the techniques based on active seismic pressure are not sufficient alone for an appropriate design of the wall. Using limit analysis concepts, the seismic displacements of retaining walls are studied in present research. In this regard, applying limit analysis method and upper bound theorem, a new procedure is proposed for calculating the yield acceleration, critical angle of failure wedge, and permanent displacements of retaining walls in seismic conditions for two failure mechanisms, namely sliding and sliding-rotational modes. Also, the effect of internal friction angle of soil, the friction angle between wall and soil, maximum acceleration of the earthquake and height of the wall all in the magnitude of seismic displacements has been investigated by the suggested method. Two sets of ground acceleration records related to near-field and far-field domains are employed in analyses and eventually the results obtained from the suggested method are compared with those from other techniques.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 2000

In this study, fatigue tests were performed to examine the effects of micro drill hole on fatigue limit of as cast and austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) using the rotary bending fatigue tester. As results, micro drill holes ($diameter{\leq}0.4mm$) did not influence the fatigue limit of ADI, compared to annealed ductile cast iron; the critical defect size of crack initiation, in ADI was larger than as cast. If the ${\sqrt{area}}$ of micro drill hole and graphite nodule in ADI are comparable, crack initiates at the graphite nodule. When the ruggedness developes through austempering treatment process, microstructure on crack initiation at micro drill hole is tougher than that of as cast ductile cast iron.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 1999

Rotary bending fatigue tests were carried out to investigate the artificial defect sensitivity of fatigue limit in annealed and austempered ductile irons. Artificial defect(hole, diameter${\leq}0.4mm$) machined on specimen surface did not bring about an obvious reduction of fatigue limit in austempered ductile iron as compared with annealed. As a result of investigation on $\sqrt{area}$ c which is the critical artificial defect size. $\sqrt{area}$ c of austempered ductile iron is larger than that of annealed. This means that the crack initiation at artificial defect in austempered ductile iron is more difficult in comparison with annealed. In case that the $\sqrt{area}$ c of artificial defect and graphite nodule are same, the rate of crack initiation for graphite nodule is higher than that of artificial defect.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.239-247
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• 2008

Let $I{\in}C^{1,1}$ be a strongly indefinite functional defined on a Hilbert space H. We investigate the number of the critical points of I when I satisfies two pairs of Torus-Sphere variational linking inequalities and when I satisfies m ($m{\geq}2$) pairs of Torus-Sphere variational linking inequalities. We show that I has at least four critical points when I satisfies two pairs of Torus-Sphere variational linking inequality with $(P.S.)^*_c$ condition. Moreover we show that I has at least 2m critical points when I satisfies m ($m{\geq}2$) pairs of Torus-Sphere variational linking inequalities with $(P.S.)^*_c$ condition. We prove these results by Theorem 2.2 (Theorem 1.1 in [1]) and the critical point theory on the manifold with boundary.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.127-145
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• 2012

One of the most important and challenging steps in seismic vulnerability and performance assessment of highway bridges is the determination of the bridge component damage parameters and their corresponding limit states. These parameters are very essential for defining bridge damage state as well as determining the performance of highway bridges under a seismic event. Therefore, realistic damage limit states are required in the development of reliable fragility curves, which are employed in the seismic risk assessment packages for mitigation purposes. In this article, qualitative damage assessment criteria for ordinary highway bridges are taken into account considering the critical bridge components in terms of proper engineering demand parameters (EDPs). Seismic damage of bridges is strongly related to the deformation of bridge components as well as member internal forces imposed due to seismic actions. A simple approach is proposed for determining the acceptance criteria and damage limit states for use in seismic performance and vulnerability assessment of ordinary highway bridges in Turkey constructed after the 1990s. Physical damage of bridge components is represented by three damage limit states: serviceability, damage control, and collapse prevention. Inelastic deformation and shear force demand of the bent components (column and cap beam), and superstructure displacement are the most common causes for the seismic damage of the highway bridges. Each damage limit state is quantified with respect to the EDPs: i.e. curvature and shear force demand of RC bent components and superstructure relative displacement.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1978

Power tiller is a major unit of agricultural machinery being used on farms in Korea. About 180.000 units are introduced by 1977 and the demand for power tiller is continuously increasing as the farm mechanization progress. Major farming operations done by power tiller are the tillage, pumping, spraying, threshing, and hauling by exchanging the corresponding implements. In addition to their use on a relatively mild slope ground at present, it is also expected that many of power tillers could be operated on much inclined land to be developed by upland enlargement programmed. Therefore, research should be undertaken to solve many problems related to an effective untilization of power tillers on slope ground. The major objective of this study was to find out the travelling and tractive characteristics of power tillers being operated on general slope ground.In order to find out the critical travelling velocity and stability limit of slope ground for the side sliding and the dynamic side overturn of the tiller and tiller-trailer system, the mathematical model was developed based on a simplified physical model. The results analyzed through the model may be summarized as follows; (1) In case of no collision with an obstacle on ground, the equation of the dynamic side overturn developed was: $$\sum_n^{i=1}W_ia_s(cos\alpha cos\phi-{\frac {C_1V^2sin\phi}{gRcos\beta})-I_{AB}\frac {v^2}{Rr}}=0$$ In case of collision with an obstacle on ground, the equation was: $$\sum_n^{i=1}W_ia_s\{cos\alpha(1-sin\phi_1)-{\frac {C_1V^2sin\phi}{gRcos\beta}\}-\frac {1}{2}I_{TP} \( {\frac {2kV_2} {d_1+d_2}\)-I_{AB}{\frac{V^2}{Rr}} \( \frac {\pi}{2}-\frac {\pi}{180}\phi_2 \} = 0 $$ (2) As the angle of steering direction was increased, the critical travelling veloc\ulcornerities of side sliding and dynamic side overturn were decreased. (3) The critical travelling velocity was influenced by both the side slope angle .and the direct angle. In case of no collision with an obstacle, the critical velocity $V_c$ was 2.76-4.83m/sec at $\alpha=0^\circ$, $\beta=20^\circ$ ; and in case of collision with an obstacle, the critical velocity $V_{cc}$ was 1.39-1.5m/sec at $\alpha=0^\circ$, $\beta=20^\circ$ (4) In case of no collision with an obstacle, the dynamic side overturn was stimu\ulcornerlated by the carrying load but in case of collision with an obstacle, the danger of the dynamic side overturn was decreased by the carrying load. (5) When the system travels downward with the first set of high speed the limit {)f slope angle of side sliding was $\beta=5^\circ-10^\circ$ and when travels upward with the first set of high speed, the limit of angle of side sliding was $\beta=10^\circ-17.4^\circ$ (6) In case of running downward with the first set of high speed and collision with an obstacle, the limit of slope angle of the dynamic side overturn was = $12^\circ-17^\circ$ and in case of running upward with the first set of high speed and collision <>f upper wheels with an obstacle, the limit of slope angle of dynamic side overturn collision of upper wheels against an obstacle was $\beta=22^\circ-33^\circ$ at $\alpha=0^\circ -17.4^\circ$, respectively. (7) In case of running up and downward with the first set of high speed and no collision with an obstacle, the limit of slope angle of dynamic side overturn was $\beta=30^\circ-35^\circ$ (8) When the power tiller without implement attached travels up and down on the general slope ground with first set of high speed, the limit of slope angle of dynamic side overturn was $\beta=32^\circ-39^\circ$ in case of no collision with an obstacle, and $\beta=11^\circ-22^\circ$ in case of collision with an obstacle, respectively.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.295-312
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• 2013

In this paper, a simplified approach based on critical temperature for fire resistance design of steel-concrete composite beams is proposed. The method for determining the critical temperature and fire protection of the composite beams is developed on the basis of load-bearing limit state method employed in current Chinese Technical Code for Fire safety of Steel Structure in Buildings. Parameters affecting the critical temperature of the composite beams are analysed. The results show that at a definite load level, section shape of steel beams, material properties, effective width of concrete slab and concrete property model have little influence on the critical temperature of composite beams. However, the fire duration and depth of concrete slab have significant influence on the critical temperature. The critical temperatures for commonly used composite beams, at various depth of concrete and fire duration, are given to provide a reference for engineers. The validity of the practical approach for predicting the critical temperature of the composite beams is conducted by comparing the prediction of a composite beam with the results from some fire design codes and full scale fire resistance tests on the composite beam.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 2022

To investigate the tolerance limit and critical thermal maximum (CTM), behavioral responses of wild goldeye rockfish Sebastes thompsoni according to exposure to high water temperature were observed using a continuous behavior tracking system. As a result, behavioral index (BI) of S. thompsoni in each temperature (20.0, 25.0, and 30.0℃) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared with the value measured in a stable condition of 15.0℃. The activity level of S. thompsoni exposed to 25.0℃ decreased sharply after 20 hours. Their rest time at the bottom of experiment chamber increased, and their normal swimming and metabolic activities were disturbed. In addition, at a high water temperature of 30.0℃, S. thompsoni reached the limit of resistance and showed a sub-lethal reaction of swimming behavior, with energy consumption in the body increased and all test organisms died. In conclusion, the eco-physiological response of S. thompsoni to water temperature varied greatly depending on the fluctuation range of the exposed temperature and the exposure time. In addition, the tolerance limit of S. thompsoni to high water temperature was predicted to be 25.0-30.0℃. The maximum critical thermal that had a great influence on the survival of this species was found to be around 30.0℃.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2014

The study attempts to show that the theory of critical environmental variation quantum(CEVQ) has a sound logical basis and empirical support. It is well known that the theory of critical environmental variation quantum is derived from the theory of biological probability distibution function and the central limit theorem(CLT) in statistics. The study uses the case study of fisheries damages compensation caused br the public marine construction undertaken in the area do Anjeong Bay in the city of Tongyeong for empirical test of theory of CEVQ. The results shows that the CEVQ theory perfoms a good job in measuring quantatively fjsheries damages caused by outflow of cold water due to the operation of LNG company since 2002. Therefore the study proves that the CEVQ theory is a good theory having internal consistency and empirical applicability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.443-446
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• 2002

A vehicle oversteered or cornering at excessive speed leaves tire yaw mark on the road surface. A yaw mark is a sign that the tire was sideslipping and exceeded its frictional limit because of centrifugal force. Problems exist with the traditional equation, “critical speed formula (CSF)”, that limits its practical use in traffic accident reconstruction. A major problem is that the equation dose not account for vehicle dynamics and interface between tire and road. The literature refers to that the accuracy of the critical speed formula varies with several factors. New equations that account for vehicle dynamics are introduced in this paper. A comparison of the accuracy of the new method and the traditional method in the calculation of speed is conducted.