• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Nation-wide systematic and comprehensive measurements of air quality criteria species have been made over 340 sites currently in Korea since 1990. Using these data, temporal and spatial trends of $SO_2$, $PM_{10}$, $NO_2$, $O_3$, CO and $O_x(NO_2+O_3)$ were analyzed to characterize and evaluate implementing efficiency of air quality policy and regulations. Due to strict and effective policy to use cleaner fuels in late 1980s and 1990s, the primary pollutants, such as $SO_2$, CO, and $PM_{10}$ decreased sharply by early 2000s in all parts of Korea. After this period, their concentrations declined with much lower rates in most parts of Korea. In addition, isolated but noticeable numbers of places, especially in major ports, newly developing towns and industrial parks, sustained high levels or even showed further degradation. Despite series of emission control strategies were enforced since early 1990s, $NO_2$ concentrations haven't changed much till 2005, due to significant increase in number of automobiles. Nevertheless, we confirmed that the staggering levels of $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ improved evidently after 2005, especially in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), where enhanced regulations for $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ emissions was imposed to automobiles and large emission sources. However, their decreasing trends were much lessened in recent years again as current air quality improvement strategies has been challenged to revise further. In contrast to these primary species, annual $O_3$, which is secondary product from $NO_2$ and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), has increased consistently with about 0.6 ppbv per year in every urban part of Korea, while yearly average of daily maximum 8-hour $O_3$ in summer season had a much higher rate of 1.2 ppbv per year. Increase of $O_3$ can be explained mainly by reductions of NO emission. Rising background $O_3$ in the Northeast Asia and increasing oxidizing capacity by changing photochemistry were likely causes of observed $O_3$ increase. The future air quality policy should consider more effective ways to lower alarming level of $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$.

• 분석과학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.344-354
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• 2005

최근 들어 실내공기질 악화의 주 오염원인 건축자재에 대한 관심이 고조되면서 건축자재 오염물질 방출시험 자료 구축이 중요하게 됨에 따라, 신뢰성 있는 자료 확보를 위해 건축자재 방출시험 정도 관리에 대한 필요성이 대두되었다. 이에 본 연구는 건축자재 방출시험 성능에 대한 정도관리를 위해 총 휘발성 유기화합물과 포름알데히드에 대하여 기기분석 재현성, 회수율, 검출한계, 중복 및 반복채취 재현성, 파과용량 평가 등을 실시하였다. 기기분석 및 시료채취에 대한 재현성은 20~30% 이내의 양호한 결과를 보였으며, 회수율은 80% 이상으로 나타났으며, 파과 역시 일어나지 않아 소형챔버법에 의한 성능은 전반적으로 만족할 만한 수준을 보였다. 따라서, 소형챔버를 이용한 건축자재 오염물질 방출시험방법은 신뢰성있는 자료를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 환경생물
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.337-344
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• 1999

본 연구는 온배수가 인근 소하천의 수질과 농경지내 오염성분함량 변동에 미치는 영향을 구명하고 이에 대한 대책을 수립하는데 활용하고자 1997년 1월부터 1998년 9월 사이에 수행되었다. 온배수 유입으로 인근 소하천 물 중의 $PO_4^{3-}, SO_4^{2-}, Cl^{-}$, $NH_4 -N, Ca^{2+}, Na+ $및 COD성분함량은 농업용수 기준보다 낮았으며 유거 거리가 길어질수록 이들 농도는 더욱 낮아졌다. 유출된 온배수 중 $SO_4^{2-}$.농도는 농업용수 기준을 초과하였으나, 유거되면서 비오염 하천수와 혼합되었을 때 그 농도는 농업용수기준보다 낮아졌다. 온배수 수로변 침전퇴적물중 S, T-N, 토양유기물, 인산의 농도는 배출구로부터 가까워질수록 높았으며 Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb와 같은 금속류 함량은 온배수 유입지에서 가장 높았다. 온배수가 유입되어도 논 토양 중 T-N, EC, S, 토양유기물, 인산 함량은 축적되지 않았는데 이는 벼와 같은 재배식물의 양분대사와 논 토양의 자정력에 기인한 것으로 보인다. 그러나 조사지역의 온배수로 벼를 재배해도 토양중 오염성분의 집적은 나타나지 않았으나 온배수 중 EC와 NO$_3$-N농도를 감안한다면 벼 재배시 장기간 관개용수로 다량 사용시에는 비료사용량을 줄여주는 것이 농업환경보전에 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.377-386
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• 2010

Introduction of TBELs into Korean environmental regulatory system for wastewater may require very careful considerations and appropriate modifications of the TBELs applied in US. The Korean regulations for wastewater are based on uniform regulatory criteria for wastewater effluent discharge and are quite different from the individual permit system in US. In addition, the toxic pollutants regulated in Korea are much less than those in US. Therefore, the effects of TBELs application on the pollutants reduction and the economic feasibility should be carefully assessed for different categories of wastewater sources. In this study, the applicability of TBELs for the industrial categories of Korea was discussed. The TBELs were derived for a sample category, the pulp paper paperboard manufacture, based on the previously reported analytical data from 52 facilities of the domestic pulp paper paperboard manufacture in Korea. It was suggested that the BAT effluent limitations were BOD 30 mg/L, $COD_{Mn}$ 40 mg/L, SS 40 mg/L, T-N 30 mg/L and T-P 4 mg/L and that the allowable effluent loads were $0.31{\sim}1.75kgCOD_{Mn}/ton$-products. Due to the limitation of insufficient data, there were difficult to obtain the important factors to derive more systematic and accurate limitation standards for the pollutants such as the 'Long Term Average (LTA)', the 'Product Normalized Discharge Flow (PNDF)', and the 'Variability Factor (VF)'. However, as the first trial of TBELs determination based on the all available analytical data reported, the procedure and the outcome of the study may provide valuable insight on application of TBELs in Korea.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.322-333
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• 2018

본 연구는 환경영향평가 제도 운영의 성과를 정량적으로 분석하기 위하여 화력발전소 대기질 분야에서 환경영향평가를 통한 환경영향 저감효과를 계량화하고 그로 인한 사회적 편익을 추정하였다. 환경영향평가의 성과는 제도의 시행여부에 따른 차이로 정의하고, 개별 사업이 환경영향평가를 시행하지 않더라도 준수해야하는 환경 관련 기준과 환경영향평가를 통해 협의된 협의기준을 비교하였다. 2010년부터 10년간 협의완료된 화력발전소 건설사업 전체 60건을 대상으로 환경영향평가의 시행여부에 따른 차이를 추정한 결과 주요 대기오염물질의 배출량이 크게 저감된 것으로 나타났다. $PM_{10}$의 경우 연간 3,745톤, $NO_2$는 74,569톤, $SO_2$는 37,647톤의 배출량이 저감되었으며, 이를 사회적 편익으로 환산한 결과 방법론에 따라 연간 2,397억 원에서 5조 9,665억 원으로 추정되었고, 이는 화력발전소의 운영기간 30년 동안 7조 1,916억 원에서 178조 9,944억 원에 이르는 규모의 사회적 비용이 절감되는 것을 의미한다. 저감된 대기오염물질의 배출량의 규모는 전국의 에너지 발전시설에서 배출되는 양의 절반에 이르며, 우리나라의 연간 경상의료비보다 큰 금액의 경제적 가치를 지닌다. 이는 모든 사업이 배출허용기준과 같이 관련 근거법에 따라서 획일적인 기준을 적용받지만, 환경영향평가 과정을 통해 대상 지역과 사업의 특성 등을 고려하여 각각의 사업계획이 수립됨에 따라 발생한 성과임을 의미한다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.207-216
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• 1979

Environmental pollution or contaminations caused by various kinds of pollutants have become one of most serious problems of our time. Environ mental pollution is the unfavoralble alteration of our surroundings, through direct or indirect effects of changes in energy patterns, rediation levels, chemical and physical constitution and abundances of organisms. These changes may affect humans directly or through their supplies of water and of agicultural and other biological products, their physical objects or possessions, or their opportunities for recreation and appreciation of nature. Pollutants that meet the criteria of this definition of environmental pollution are numerous: gases (such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) and paniculate matter (such as smoke particles, lead aerosols, and asbestos) in the atmosphere; pesticides and radioactive isotopes in the atmosphee and in waterways; sewage, organic. chemicals, and phosphates in water; solid wastes on land; excessive heating (thermal pollution) of rivers and lakes; and many others. Some of these pollutants are introduced into the environment naturally, others by human actions, and most in both ways. Our major concer is with environmental pollution resulting wholly or largely as a by-product of human activities, because these can be controlled most readily. Environmental pollution cannot be solved by science and technology alone. It should be handled by an interdisciplinary approach with combined methods of science and technology as wen as social science disciplines for the better solution of this critical problem. In this respect, introducing "Environmental Science," a new scientific approach for the solution of environmental problems, which is now widely accepted by most developed countries of the world will be very helpful for systematization of theoretical basis for a new scientific approach to environmental pollution. Environmental science is "the study of all systems of air, land, water, energy, and life that surround Man. It includes all sciences directed to the system-level of understanding of the environment, drawing especially upon such disciplines as meteorology, geophysics, oceanography, and ecology, and utilizing to the fullest knowledge and techniques developed in such fields as physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and engineering as well as many social science disciplines, such as economics, such as economics, law, political science and public administration." The components of this discipline are not new, for they are drawn from existing areas of science within biology chemistry, physics, and geoscience. What is really new about environmental science, however, is it siewpoint - its orientation to global problems, its conception of the earth as a set of interlocking, interacting systems, and its interest in Man as a part of these systems.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2022

In this study, in order to grasp the current situation of indoor environmental pollution and indoor ventilation in one-room around the university in the post-corona era, we analyzed the experimental data and conducted a questionnaire survey on university students. By analyzing the content, the effects of formaldehyde, dust and other pollution on the human body, which are usually not easily detectable, are digitized and more easily taken into account. Among the experimental results, the concentration of VOC and HCHO, gas pollutants among indoor pollutants, exceeded the recommended criteria of the Ministry of Environment in most studio apartments. Overall, the average CO₂ concentration was lower than the Ministry of Environment's maintenance standard (1000ppm), but it was relatively high in summer and winter, and it is believed to be caused by cooling and heating in an enclosed space. The levels of PM2.5 and PM10, particulate pollutants, increased in November and December, and it is believed that ventilation defects due to degradation in external temperature. There was no clear difference between the two types, and there was a very high correlation between PM2.5 and PM10, HCHO and VOC. It was found that temperature was closely correlated with all sources except CO₂, and humidity was closely correlated with all sources except PM2.5 and PM10. Health risk assessment was conducted for formaldehyde. The average ECR of studio R2 in May was 3.91E^-4, and the ECR figure in September was 3.65E^-4, which was very high compared to other residential spaces. The R2 level was calculated as 4 people per 10,000 people in the lifetime risk of cancer of residents, exceeding the allowable risk. R8 also showed higher ECR results than other spaces after R2, especially in October, 2.01E^-4, six times higher than R7 measured in October, and 1.87E^-4 in July, four times higher than R9.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.305-319
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• 2016

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of two sampling methods, i.e., adsorbent tubes and canisters, for the measurement of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A total of 24 target VOCs were selected from a list of 48 priority hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in Korea. The two sampling methods were investigated with a wide range of performance criteria such as repeatability, linearity, and lower detection limits. In addition, mean relative errors (MRE) and mean duplicate precisions (MDP) were estimated by inter-lab comparison studies for duplicate field samples. Precisions for the two methods appeared to be well comparable with the performance criteria recommended by USEPA TO-15 and TO-17 for canister and adsorbent methods, respectively. Correlations and variations between the VOCs concentrations determined by the two methods were generally good in most cases. However, MREs and MDPs for individual VOCs appeared to be widely ranged, depending on each VOC. This implies that the two methods have its own advantages and disadvantages in determining a variety of VOCs in ambient air, and neither of which has absolute superiority. Finally, 9 of 24 VOCs were found to be difficult to determine by either methods due to their unstability in a canister, and lack of appropriate standard materials. Thus, it is suggested that development of measurement methods for such unstable VOCs is an urgent task from a viewpoint of HAPs management.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to draw out objective bases for selecting various applicable facilities in case of the establishment of rainwater management strategies. To do so, sixteen facilities were selected from decentralized rainwater management systems that induce rainwater infiltration and detention as well as centralized end-of-pipe type infiltration and detention facilities in local areas. With these facilities, it attempted to evaluate them in terms of sustainability, pollutant elimination, flood control capacity and costs and subsequently analyzed correlations between each characteristic. The outcomes of the analysis were as follows: First was the analysis of characteristics between decentralized rainwater management systems and end-of-pipe rainwater management systems. From the decentralized rainwater management systems, the mulden-rigolen system and grass swale at street level had the highest in the total of the four items while the totals of the underground detention tank and temporary detention site were highest in end-of-pipe rainwater management systems. After analyzing the correlation between different types of facilities and each variable, it can be said that decentralized rainwater management systems have a higher correlation than end-of-pipe rainwater management systems in terms of sustainability whereas the latter are better in flood control capacity than the former. Second, the analysis of correlation in variables of each facility is as follows: first, there is a negative correlation between sustainability value and flood control capacity value; and there is a positive correlation between flood control capability and pollutants elimination. In addition, it revealed that the higher the flood control and pollutant elimination capability the higher the facility costs. Based on these assessments, it is possible to use them as objective selection criteria for facility application in case of site development project or complex plan.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.737-747
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• 2006

Ministry of Environment (MOE) of Korea has been implementing the water quality management policy to focus on the control of organic matters (BOD and COD) for 28 years since 1978 when the water quality standards had been established. However, the government and the public have begun to recognize the necessity of creating the best water environment for people and aquatic life, and also formulating the various measures of water pollution, Consequently, MOE of Korea is establishing the basic plan of water environment management, with the vision of "Clean Water, Eco River 2015." The major targets of water environment management plan are to maintain ecosystem health and to protect water quality from various hazardous substances in water bodies. In order to achieve the major targets, it is essential to amend the water quality standards, which bring about the systematic management of various pollutants and healthy ecosystem. Introduction of the new techniques of water environment assessment is also prerequisite to maintain sustainable water environment. These can be accomplished under the consideration of following suggestions in environmental quality standards. First, several criteria should be complemented in water quality standards; they include the improvement of the current water quality classification system, the strengthening and supplement of relevant parameters considering human health in the standards, the introduction of biotic indices, and management standards on eutrophication. Secondly, it should be considered to introduce the biological water quality standards using biotic indices and the management standards for sediments. Lastly, it needs to introduce or develop an ecological status classification which could be used in the assessment of the water environment as a whole.