• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2003

In order to analyze the succession process from a pine forest to an oak forest, the tree growth of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica ssp. crispula was monitored in a permanent quadrat for 23 years. The measurements were carried out for the stem diameter (DBH) of Pinus densiflora between 1977 and 1999 and for the height of Quercus mongolica ssp. crispula saplings between 1998 and 2000. The floristic composition and the locations of the individual P. densiflora and Q. mongolica ssp. crispula trees and saplings in the quadrat were recorded. P densiflora and Q. mongolica ssp. crispula individuals were randomly distributed within the quadrat. The relative growth rates (RGR) of DBH in P. densiflora were 0.085 $yr^{-1}$ for large trees and 0.056 $yr^{-1}$ for small trees in 1977. The RGR of height for Q. mongolica ssp. crispula was 0.122 $yr^{-1}$. The growth curve for DBH of P. densiflora was approximated by the logistic equation: $$DBH(t) = 30 {[1+1.16exp(-0.13 t)]}^{-1}$$ where DBH (t) the DBH (cm) in year t and t is the number of years since 1977. The growth in height of P. densiflora and Q. mongolica ssp. crispula was described by following equations: $$H (t) = 20.2 {[1+0.407exp(-0.137 t)]}^{-1} (P. densiflora)$$ $$H (t) = 30 {[1+20.7exp(-0.122 t)}^{-1} (Q. mongolica ssp. crispula)$$ Where H (t) is the tree height (m) in year t and t is the number of years since 1977 in P. densiflora and 1998 in Q. mongolica ssp. crispula. With these equations we predicted that the height of Q. mongolica ssp. crispula increases from 2 m in 1999 to 20 m in 2029. Therefore, Q. mongolica ssp. crispula and P. densiflora will be approximately the same height in 2029. The years required for succession from a pine forest to an oak forest are expected 33 with the range between 23 and 44 years.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2009

Morphological characteristics of leaves, trichomes and acorns were investigated in 6-year-old artificial hybrids of Q. aliena ${\times}$ Q. mongolica var. crispula and Q. serrata ${\times}$ Q. mongolica var. crispula. Leaf shapes of Q. aliena ${\times}$ Q. mongolica var. crispula $F_{1}$ were obovate and resembled to that of Q. aliena. But several characters including the size of leaf and petiole and the shape of leaf base resembled to those of Q. mongolica var. crispula. In F1 hybrids, small stellate hairs distributed sparsely on the abaxial surface and their lay length was intermediate between both parents. There were no big differences on characters of nuts and cupules between both parents and $F_{1}$ hybrids. Leaf shapes of Q. serrata ${\times}$ Q. mongolica var. crispula $F_{1}$ were obovate-elliptic, and the leaf shape and leaf base and the length of petiole resembled to those of Q. mongolica var. crispula, but leaf size and serration resembled to those of Q. serrata. The number of serration in a leaf was intermediate between both parents. Small stellate hairs distributed sparsely and large single hairs were mixed on the reverse side of leaves. there were no big differences on the number and size of stellate hairs between $F_{1}$ hybrid and Q. serrata. It is able to distinguish $F_{1}$ hybrids from both parents by the size leaf size and shapes, leaf base and serration, petiole length and trichome type in the leaf.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권2호
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• pp.194-200
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• 1998

천연림내의 참나무류와 자연 수분된 종자 및 인공적인 종간 교잡 종자를 양묘해서 키운 묘목의 종 및 잡종 간의 개아기(開芽期) 차이를 조사하였다. 금산연습림(禁山演習林)의 천연림에서 개아(開芽)는 Q. crispula > Q. anguste-lepidota > Q. takatorensis ${\fallingdotseq}$ Q. serrate > Q. dentata 순으로 진행되었다. 자연 수분된 종자로 양묘한 묘목에서는 Q. aliena ${\fallingdotseq}$ Q. crispula > Q. anguste-lepidota > Q. takatorensis ${\fallingdotseq}$ Q. serrate > Q. dentata 순으로 개아(開芽)하였다. 종간 교잡의 묘목에서 $F_1$의 개아기(開芽期)는 양친종의 사이에 속했지만, 개아기(開芽期)가 빠른 양친의 영향을 보다 크게 받는 것으로 나타났다. 종간교잡의 결과를 통해서 추정할때 참나무류의 개아기(開芽期)의 빠르고 느린 특성은 유전적인 지배를 받아, 후대에 유전되는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권1호
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• pp.18-23
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• 2000

3~5년생 참나무류 인공잡종 묘목의 잎의 형태를 조사하였다. Quercus serrata, Q. dentata, Q. crispula, Q. aliena간의 교잡 $F_1$에 대한 잎의 크기(잎의 길이, 잎의 넓이)는 많은 조합에서 양친종의 중간 크기였다. 잎자루 길이는 Q. aliena ${\times}$ Q. crispula $F_1$이 가장 작았고, Q. aliena ${\times}$ Q. serrata $F_1$, Q. dentata ${\times}$ Q. aliena $F_1$은 양친종의 중간이었다. $F_1$의 결각의 수는 교배모수에 가까운 것이 많았다. 결각의 깊이와 잎의 형상비는 양친종 중간의 것이 많았다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 1963

A research was made through a experimental cultivation during a period of 7 years (1956~1962) to determine the yearly yield, the total gross yield over 7 year's period and the maximum availability of stock timbers used as the germination bed of cortinellus edodes (Berk) Ido et Imai. The results are summarized as follows : (1) Research and plot scheme: Two experimental plots were established-plot "A" in the experimental forest of this college; plot "B" in the campus woods, 400 timber beds were furnished in each. The kinds of timbers used are : Quercus Serrata Thumb 140. Quercus acutissima Carr. 140, Quercus crispula BI 120. The environmental condition in plot "A" was better then that in plot "B" and the former showed greater yield than the latter. (2) yield : In plot "A" the total yield was 58.875kg and some of the timbers was still continuing germ in this seven after closing of the plot. In plot "B" the total yield was 56.90kg and after the sixth year no more germination was observed. In conclusion, plot "A" showed greater yield and longer germination than plot "B". (3) Germination efficacy and the kinds of timber: The best result was abserved on Quercus serrata, thumb Quercur acutissima Carr, stood next and then came Quercus crispula BI. Betula platyphylla was tried, but the result was worst. (4) Availability limits of timber beds: Quercus serrata Thumb with diameter 12~15cm had the longest availability more than (6~7 years) and Quercus acutissima Carr with diameter 12~15cm showed 6~7 year's availability. The shortest availability was found in Quercus crispula with diameter 6~9cm. Any kinds of timber with diameter 6~9cm had only 4~5 years of availability (5) In the table showing the yearly germination quantity, the figure of December and Jaunary of the 4th and 5th year shows the yield obtained in the semi-cellar paper house. This tells that there is good promise of winter cultivation of cortinellus edodes (Berk) Ido et Imai on matured timber beds.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.230-235
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• 1976

3종(種)의 도토리 Quercus crispula Blume, Quercus serrata Thunberg 및 Quercus mongolica Fischer를 공시재료(供試材料)로 하여 그의 이화학적성질(理化學的性質), 호화도(糊化度), 점도(粘度) 및 X-ray회절등(回折等)을 실시(實施)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 도토리는 지방(脂肪) $3.5{\sim}5.0%$, 단백질(蛋白質) $7.2{\sim}7.7%$, 당질(糖質) $71.6{\sim}76.3%$, 회분(灰分) $1.9{\sim}2.2%$였다. 2. Ether처리(處理)보다 85% methanol열처리(熱處理)가 보다더 순수(純粹)한 정제전분(精製澱粉)을 얻을 수 있었다. 3. 도토리 조제전분(粗製澱粉)은 일반(一般)으로 갈색(褐色)이나 정제전분(精製澱粉)은 회백색(灰白色)을 띄었다. 4. 호화(糊化)는 비교적 낮은 온도(溫度) 곧 $61{\sim}68^{\circ}C$이고, 호화개시(糊化開始)는 Q.C.B.>Q.S.T>Q.M.F.의 순(順)으로 빨랐고 점도(粘度)는 Q.M.F>Q.S.T.>Q.C.B.의 차례로 높았다. 5. 도토리전분(澱粉)은 그 결정구조(結晶構造)가 감자전분(澱粉)과 옥수수전분(澱粉)의 중간성질(中間性質)을 띈 것으로 추정(推定)된다. 또 고온습열처리(高溫濕熱處理)로서 면간격(面間隔)이 긴쪽 부터 먼저 결정구조(結晶構造)가 파괴되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1999

유묘상태에서 잡종을 판정하기 위해 수령에 따른 잎과 모용(毛茸)의 형태를 조사하였다. 졸참나무, 떡갈나무, 갈참나무에서 잎의 크기는 1년생묘에서 가장 작고, 수령의 증가에 따라서 커지는 경향을 보였다. 잎의 길이, 잎의 넓이, 잎자루 길이, 결각의 수, 결각의 깊이, 형상비, 잎자루 비율에 관하여서도 수령에 따른 차이가 관찰되었다. 이 때문에 1, 2년생의 유령기에 잎의 크기, 형태만으로 종을 판정하기는 어려웠다. 또한 잎 뒷면의 모용(毛茸)의 종류, 형상, 발생 밀도 등은 종에 따라서, 같은 종 중에서도 수령에 따라서 현저하게 차이를 보였다. 졸참나무의 성목은 소형성상모밀생(小型星狀毛密生) 장모소생형(長毛疎生型), 떡갈나무의 성목은 대형성상모밀생(大型星狀毛密生)~소생형(疎生型), 갈참나무의 성목은 소형성상모밀생형(小型星狀毛密生型), 일본 물참나무의 성목은 무모(無毛)~소형성상모산생형(小型星狀毛散生型)으로 성목에서는 모용(毛茸)으로 종의 판정이 가능하였다. 1, 2년생의 묘목에서는 모용(毛茸)의 발생이 좋지 않으며 졸참나무, 떡갈나무에서는 2년생 일부와 3년생에서 모용(毛茸)에 의해 종의 분류가 가능하였지만, 갈참나무 일본 물참나무에서는 유령기에 모용(毛茸)만으로서 종을 판정하기는 곤란하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권3호
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• pp.290-294
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• 2007

참나무속(Q. serrata, Q. dentata, Q. mongolica var. crispula, Q. aliena)의 인공교배에 의 한 종간잡종의 묘목을 조취(鳥取)대학농학부 구내의 묘포장에 식재하였다. 또한 조취(鳥取)대학 산산(蒜山)연습림에서 자연교잡종(Q. fabri와 $Q.{\times}mccormickii$) 가계의 묘목을 선발하여 조취(鳥取)대학 산산(蒜山)연습림에 식재하였다. 인공종간잡종 $F_1$은 4년생, 자연교잡종 $F_1$은 3년생 때에 개화하였다. 2001년도에 이 중에서 개화한 개체로부터 화분과 종자를 채취하여 화분의 크기와 임성, 종자의 활력을 조사하였다. 인공종간잡종 화분의 발아율은 1개체를 제외하고 84% 이상이었고, 화분관의 신장도 양호하였다. 인공종간잡종의 건전한 종자의 발아율은 90% 이상으로 양친과 비슷한 높은 발아율을 보였다. 자연잡종 가계의 종자도 건전한 종자의 발아율은 각 가계의 평균이 64% 이상이었고, Q. fabri, $Q.{\times}mccormickii$의 자식종자도 높은 번식 능력을 유지하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.15-17
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• 1963

1) An experiment was made at the newly constructed glass house of Chun chan Agriculture callege to find out facts about the late-raising of Cortinellus edodes (Berk) Ido et Imai during the winter season. 2) The host timbers used in this experiment were Quercus Serrata Thumb and Quercus crispulo BI.; 5 years old each, the diameter ranging from 6cm to 17cm, dividing them into 12 diameter groups with 10 timbers in each group. The total number of timbess was 240 in two blocks. 3) As the pre-treatment of host timber, the autumn generation in 1962 was inhibited, and before being put into the glass-house, they were stimulated of generation for 3 days after 3 days, water-soaking. 4) The temperature control was made by using two coal stoves and the humidity control by spraying and two full water tanks. During cloudy weather and night, the green house was covered to preserue constant temperature of $5^{\circ}C{\sim}10^{\circ}C$. 5) The result; Quercus Serrata Thumb. with lesser diameter than 9cm showed no generation either in as big timber as one with diameter 11 cm. On the other hand, too big timbers showed low rate of generation; the reason, at a guess, is the too short period of cultivation and insufficient water soaking and inappropriate temperature. 6) The most standard size of host timber was found out be those with diameter 12cm~15cm in Quercus serrata Thumb, and those with diameter 14cm~17cm in Quercus crispula BI. Quercus crispula seemed to have slightly greater efficiency of generation than Quercus Serrata Thumb., but it could not be concluded as "decisive". Lastly, the host timber used in this experiment were old and the rate of generation was low as a whole.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.713-724
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• 2012

Emission rates of biogenic hydrocarbon emitted from broad-leaved trees grown at Jeju Island were estimated using a dynamic enclosure method. Leaf temperature, PAR and relative humidity were monitored during the sampling time. The emission rates of isoprene and monoterpene were measured for five plants(Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata, Styrax japonicus, Quercus acutissima, Quercus crispula) during the sampling period at the Halla mountain sites. Among five tree species, the highest isoprene emission rate of 10.60 ${\mu}g\;gdw^{-1}hr^{-1}$ was observed for Quercus serrata. The seasonal emission rates were the highest during summer and the emission of isoprene was highly affected by light and temperature variations. The highest emission rate of isoprene was occurred between 13:00 and 14:00, but isoprene was not emitted in nighttime because of the absence of light.