• 무역상무연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.39-70
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• 2004

On the above, character of Incoterms and CISG, applicability of Incoterms to the principles of interpretation of CISG for contracts terms, and to the regulations of delivery and payment of price in connection with applicability of Incoterms to CISG are discussed. Conclusions are as follows : Although both rules is regulations which have to understand in connection with int'l trades of goods but CISG is a comprehensive substantive law in connection with a whole dealing course. On the other hand Incoterms are detailed substantive law of performance for two important sphere, that is to say, delivery and payment in the field of performance of CISG. According to both rules, letter credit is realizing processes of detailed performance for delivery and payment. As professor of Honnold's opinion, the relationship between Incoterms and CISG is peculiar and complementary. Therefore instead of considering the both from a point of pure legal views which both rules raise many problems that still a wait well consolidated and acknowledged answers, we have th consider the both with L/C system that still constitute a main payment system. Particularly ICC and Uncitral know that they are not only directly and indirectly involved in regulating process of the both sets but also can apply Incoterms to CISG on connection with the use of L/C.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.163-173
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• 1997

Although numerous studies demonstrate that one technique outperforms the others for a given data set, it is hard to tell a priori which of these techniques will be the most effective to solve a specific problem. It has been suggested that the better approach to classification problem might be to integrate several different forecasting techniques by combining their results. The issues of interest are how to integrate different modeling techniques to increase the predictive performance. This paper proposes the post-model integration method, which tries to find the best combination of the results provided by individual techniques. To get the optimal or near optimal combination of different prediction techniques, Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are applied, which are particularly suitable for multi-parameter optimization problems with an object function subject to numerous hard and soft constraints. This study applies three individual classification techniques (Discriminant analysis, Logit model and Neural Networks) as base models for the corporate failure prediction. The results of composite predictions are compared with the individual models. Preliminary results suggests that the use of integrated methods improve the performance of business classification.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.55-70
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• 2001

Artificial neural network(ANN) models have been widely used for the classification problems in business such as bankruptcy prediction, credit evaluation, etc. Although the application of ANN to classification of consumers＇ choice behavior is a promising research area, there have been only a few researches. In general, most of the researches have reported that the classification performance of the ANN models were better than conventional statistical model Because the survey data on consumer behavior may include much noise and missing data, ANN model will be more robust than conventional statistical models welch need various assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to study the potential of the ANN model for forecasting consumers＇ choice behavior based on survey data. The data was collected by questionnaires to the shoppers of department stores and discount stores. Then the correct classification rates of the ANN models for the training and test sample with that of multiple discriminant analysis(MDA) and logistic regression(Logit) model. The performance of the ANN models were betted than the performance of the MDA and Logit model with respect to correct classification rate. By using input variables identified as significant in the stepwise MDA, the performance of the ANN models were improved.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.388-394
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• 2001

강화학습은 에이전트가 환경과의 상호작용을 통해 획득한 경험으로부터 제어 규칙을 학습하는 방법이다. 강화학습의 중요한 문제 중의 하나인 신뢰 할당 문제를 해결하기 위해 기여도가 사용되는데, 누적 기여도나 대체 기여도와 같은 기존의 기여도를 이용한 방법은 방문한 상태에서 수행된 행위만을 학습시키기 때문에 학습 자정에서 획득된 보답 신호를 효과적으로 사용하지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 방문한 상태에서 수행된 행위뿐만 아니라 인접 행위들도 학습될 수 있도록 하는 새로운 기여도로써 분포 기여도를 제안한다. 제안된 기여도를 이용한 퍼지 Q-learning 알고리즘을 역진자 시스템에 적용하여 학습 속도면에서 기존의 방법에 비해 우수함을 보인다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.1348-1375
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• 2018

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a well-known machine learning classification algorithm, which has been widely applied to many data mining problems, with good accuracy. However, SVM classification speed decreases with increase in dataset size. Some applications, like video surveillance and intrusion detection, requires a classifier to be trained very quickly, and on large datasets. Hence, this paper introduces two filter-based instance selection techniques for optimizing SVM training speed. Fast classification is often achieved at the expense of classification accuracy, and some applications, such as phishing and spam email classifiers, are very sensitive to slight drop in classification accuracy. Hence, this paper also introduces two wrapper-based instance selection techniques for improving SVM predictive accuracy and training speed. The wrapper and filter based techniques are inspired by Cuckoo Search Algorithm and Bat Algorithm. The proposed techniques are validated on three popular e-fraud types: credit card fraud, spam email and phishing email. In addition, the proposed techniques are validated on 20 other datasets provided by UCI data repository. Moreover, statistical analysis is performed and experimental results reveals that the filter-based and wrapper-based techniques significantly improved SVM classification speed. Also, results reveal that the wrapper-based techniques improved SVM predictive accuracy in most cases.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.19-62
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• 1982

1. The primary purpose of this study was to analyse the current status of layer operations in Korea related to management practices and input and output relationship in egg production by surveying 150 egg producers throughout the country. Based on this primary information, this study attempted to illustrate a model layer farming budget. 2. The average size of the layer operations included in this survey was 7,969 hens per farm during the period from September 1, 1980 to August 31, 1981. However, about 80% of the producers started the layer farming with smaller scales than 3,000 layers and less funds than 10 million won during the later half of 1960s and the early half of 1970s. About 72% of the farmers were graduates from high school or college. These egg producers listed that lack of funds and poor production and management skills are the most important problems in the operation. 3. The farmers used to purchase baby chicks from the well-known hatcheries and commercial mixed feeds on one or two months' credit. While the eggs were sold to wholesalers and/or assemblers. Few of the producers market their products directly or cooperatively through the industry organization.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.385-404
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• 2010

The purpose of this article is to examine the Delays of Performance under UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In theory, there exist three clearly distinguishable categories of breach of contract, namely non-performance, non-conforming performance and late performance. In particular, delays of performance are the most common breach of sales contract including late delivery, late payment or late performance of any other obligation. In this regard, this article examines how parties can, through careful drafting, avoid or minimize legal problems in case of delay in performance. Especially, the export perspective focuses on the seller's interests, which require that sanctions be as lenient as possible if the seller has breached the contract but that there are prompt and adequate sanctions if the buyer has breached the contract. Furthermore, the seller should ensure that a short or medium delay in delivery will not entitle the buyer to declare the contract immediately avoided and take precautions against late payment, including delayed opening of a letter of credit.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제14D권4호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2007

100여 년 동안 사용자 확인의 한 축을 담당해오던 비밀번호가 비대면 거래가 활성화 되면서 점차 제 기능을 다하지 못하여 이제 바뀔 때가 되었으며, 그 한 방편으로써 간접패스워드인 브레인키를 패스워드시스템에 적용하면 사용자의 패스워드의 해킹 등 다양한 유출 경로가 없으므로, 보다 안전한 전자 상거래를 활성화시킬 수 있다. 비밀번호는 현대인에게 있어서 생활필수품이므로 이에 대한 독점적 지위와 시장선점은 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 또한 비밀번호에 대한 문제는 국내에 국한 되지 않으므로 국내의 상업성은 일개 기업에 국한되지 않고 국제표준화를 선도할 수 있으므로 국가적 이익에도 부합된다. 본 연구에서는 전자상거래에서 발생하는 보안 솔루션을 제시하고자 한다.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2017

Korean Identification card or driver license is usually used to verify one's identity in Korea. These are also used as an adult certification. Since the form of these ID card is an analog and it needs to be checked with naked eyes, it might be used maliciously. Someone who's got someone else's ID card can do other things. Therefore, it must be reported rapidly when ID card is lost or stolen. The most serious problem might be occurred when they do not recognize and report the loss. They might suffer from pecuniary or mental damage such as opening a mobile phone service, providing loan or credit card, opening a personal checking account, etc. Thus, this study suggests and compares the ways of avoiding these problems. First, the most effective way is to send the authorization code via mobile phones in consideration of build-up period and cost. The person in charge of business processing department using ID card sends the authorization code via registered mobile phone. The owners submits it to the person and their identifications are confirmed. Next effective way is that the person in charge of business processing department using ID card sends text messages via registered mobile phone. Lastly, the most ineffective way is to introduce and implement the electronic ID card ultimately even though it is expensive and takes a long time to build up the system.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1985

The purpose of the study is to review the evolutional process of the U.S. broiler industry into the integrated production and marketing systems and to examine the factors influenced such a structural change over the Past half a century. The study is also carried out under the consideration that the experience gained by the integrated U.S. broiler industry could be utilized in applying the system to any non-integrated broiler industries like one in Korea. The U.S. broiler industry has been prevailed in the typical independent operation of all stages, from factor supply through growing to dressing and marketing until such time as growers began to suffer from financial difficulties right after the end of the World Wat II due mainly to lowered price of broilers stemmed from whopping decrease of the demand, which eventually reflected to the allied agribusiness sectors. The feed business field was the first reactor to this situation so that a kind of measures was taken to cope with the problems faced in such a way to provide extended credit on feeds first and help obtain chicks or sell broilers later. This trend has been practiced for broiler related agribusiness through late 1940's to work together with growers by coordinating its function between two or more stages involved in broiler production and marketing process as a means of spreading risk and sharing profit between stages Participated. The integrated system and contract farming thus became Popular across the country through mid 1950's.