• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.482-488
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• 1996

비배유종자인 두류는 발아시 자엽내 전분 energy원이 어떻게 분해 전이되어 배아부로 공급되는가를 구명하고자 자엽에 당질이 많고 종자수명이 긴 강남콩을 공시하여 발아과정중 경시적으로 유식물체를 부위별로 절취하여 건물중과 당류의 경시적 소장 및 이동을 HPLC로 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 강남콩 종자에서 자엽 부위의 수분 함율은 6.4 ∼6.5%이나 발아 기간중 ( 1∼8일) 흡수율은 45.8∼71.2%로 증가되며 자엽 하반부가 후엽 상반부보다 1.1∼3.8% 높았다. 자엽을 제외한 근부(유아 + 유근 + 유축부)의 조직 기관에서는 더욱 많은 72.2∼93.3%로 자엽조직보다 현저한 함수율을 보였다. 2. 발아중 강남콩 종자의 주요 당류는 raffinose, sucrose, glucose, fructose이며 경시적 당류 소장이 부위별로 현저한 차이를 보였다. 3. 종자가 파종 흡수되면 각 기관 조직에 raffinose가 급증하나 발아가 완료되면 유아부에서는 소진되고 자엽 하반부에서는 다소 잔존함을 알 수 있었다. 4. Sucrose는 발아초 신생 유아부와 종자의 자엽에 많이 생성되나 발아 후 유아부에서는 급감되고 자엽 조직에서는 계속 생성되어 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 5. Glucose와 fructose는 종자의 자엽부에서는 발아 기간중 5∼l0%와 5∼l5% 범위의 적은 변화였으나 유아 및 생장부위에서는 발아 초기부터 후기까지 현저히 계속 증가됨을 인정할 수 있었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.305-305
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• 2017

Seoritae with green cotyledons refers to Korean native black beans harvested when the frost falls because the maturity is late. It is one of the beans preferred by consumers because of its softness and high sugar content. Because of late maturity, if the agricultural work is delayed by weather or agricultural schedule in green cotyledon black soybean (Seoritae), it affects seriously harvest and yield of soybeans. The aim of this study was to investigate the marginal seeding period on June 30, July 10 and July 20 in Cheongju and Jecheon area in Korea to produce stable soybean yield. The yields of green cotyledon black soybean as seeding date in Cheongju area are as follows: Seolitae (Yeoncheon), Seoltae (Goesan) and Seoritae (Gogseong), which increased by 23%, 56%, 23% and 40%, respectively, compare to July 10th to June 30th. As soybean sowing is delayed, the quality of soybean seeds has decreased due to the increase of immature seeds and fungal damaged seeds. The contents of anthocyanin in Cheongju area a functional substance of soybeans, was high on July 20 for Heukcheong, on June 30 for Seolitae (Yeoncheon), on July 10 for Seoritae (Goesan). The yields of Heukcheong and Seolitae (Yeoncheon) in Jecheon area were increased by 5% and 17%, respectively, compare to July 10th to June 30th, while Seolite (Goesan) and Seolite (Gogseong) were high in yields on June 30th. Similarly in Cheongju area, as the sowing period is delayed, the number of immature and mold damaged seeds in Jecheon area increased. The contents of anthocyanin in Jecheon area was high on July 10 for Heukcheong, on June 30 for Seolitae (Yeoncheon) and Seolitae (Goesan). From the above results, Sowing marginal date of green cotyledon black soybeans (Seolitae) in Cheongju area increased 30% in sowing on July 10 and increased 2% in sowing on July 20 compared to June 30. And Sowing marginal date of green cotyledon black soybeans (Seolitae) in Jecheon area increased 2% in July 10 compared to June 30, and the yield decreased rapidly on July 20. We have identified the seeding time limit of green cotyledon black bean in Chungbuk province. It will be possible to provide a variety of crop selection after double cropping of farmers. And by knowing the yield and seed quality of soybean according to sowing date, farmers will observe appropriate sowing period of soybeans for high quality. From the viewpoint of consumers, functional substances of Seoritae will meet the desire for health.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2016

Purpose: Pulse crop damage due to wild birds is a serious problem, to the extent that the rate of damage during the period of time between seeding and the stage of cotyledon reaches 45.4% on average. This study investigated a method of fundamentally blocking birds from eating crops by conducting vinyl mulching after seeding and identifying the growing locations for beans to perform punching. Methods: Infrared (IR) sensors that could measure the temperature without contact were used to recognize the locations of soybean cotyledons below vinyl mulch. To expand the measurable range, 10 IR sensors were arranged in a linear array. A sliding mechanical device was used to reconstruct the two-dimensional spatial variance information of targets. Spatial interpolation was applied to the two-dimensional temperature distribution information measured in real time to improve the resolution of the bean coleoptile locations. The temperature distributions above the vinyl mulch for five species of soybeans over a period of six days from the appearance of the cotyledon stage were analyzed. Results: During the experimental period, cases where bean cotyledons did and did not come into contact with the bottom of the vinyl mulch were both observed, and depended on the degree of growth of the bean cotyledons. Although the locations of bean cotyledons could be estimated through temperature distribution analyses in cases where they came into contact with the bottom of the vinyl mulch, this estimation showed somewhat large errors according to the time that had passed after the cotyledon stage. The detection results were similar for similar types of crops. Thus, this method could be applied to crops with similar growth patterns. According to the results of 360 experiments that were conducted (five species of bean ${\times}$ six days ${\times}$ four speed levels ${\times}$ three repetitions), the location detection performance had an accuracy of 36.9%, and the range of location errors was 0-4.9 cm (RMSE = 3.1 cm). During a period of 3-5 days after the cotyledon stage, the location detection performance had an accuracy of 59% (RMSE = 3.9 cm). Conclusions: In the present study, to fundamentally solve the problem of damage to beans from birds in the early stage after seeding, a working method was proposed in which punching is carried out after seeding, thereby breaking away from the existing method in which seeding is carried out after punching. Methods for the accurate detection of soybean growing locations were studied to allow punching to promote the continuous growth of soybeans that had reached the cotyledon stage. Through experiments using multiple IR sensors and a sliding mechanical device, it was found that the locations of the crop could be partially identified 3-5 days after reaching the cotyledon stage regardless of the kind of pulse crop. It can be concluded that additional studies of robust detection methods considering environmental factors and factors for crop growth are necessary.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 춘계총회 및 제22차 학술발표회
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• pp.97.2-98
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• 2003

The main objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of glucosinolates (3-butenyl isothiocyanate, total glucosinolates) in different parts of young seedling and seeds on Korean Chinese cabbages 55 days and Winter pride cultivars. For determination of glucosinolates, two cultivars of Chinese cabbages seeds and different parts of 1-day-old, 3-day-old, 5-day-old, and 7-day-old seedlings were used for analytical sample preparation provided with an anion exchanges column, and measured by GC and UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. 3-Butenyl ITC concentration was the highest in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl parts of 55 days cultivar seedling. In the cotyledon part of Winter pride cultivar seedling, 3-butenyl ITC amount was increase to 3-day-old seedling and then reduced. The cotyledon of 55 days cultivar contained the highest concentration of total glucosinolates while those were increased in the hypocotyl and decreased by degrees in the root. Total glucosinolates amounts were increased to 5-day-old seedling and then decreased in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl parts of seedling on Winter pride cultivar. There was no significant difference in the root part. In the seeds, both of 3-butenyl ITC and total glucosinolates, 55 days cultivar concentration was higher than Winter pride cultivar. The study has shown the variability in 3-butenyl ITC and total glucosinolates concentrations among cultivars, growth stages, and parts.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.238-242
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• 2009

Somatic embryos on growth regulator-free medium can be produced directly from cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. When the embryo developmental stage was torpedo and cotyledon, the germination rate of embryos was quite high on MS medium supplemented with gibberellic acid ($GA_3$). However, the percentage of plantlet formation at the cotyledon stage was higher than that at the torpedo stage. This result demonstrates that the embryo at the cotyledon stage was the most appropriate for increasing germination by $GA_3$. Embryos cultured on medium including four levels of $GA_3$ concentrations (3, 5, 10, or 20 mg/$\ell$) showed all quite high germination rates (87-91%). When the well-developed embryos were continuously cultured on media including high concentrations of $GA_3$ from 10 to 20 mg/$\ell$, the percentage of formation of normal plantlets was lower than that seen under low concentrations from 3 to 5 mg/$\ell$. This treatment of high concentrations resulted in shoots with abnormal shape. The optimal $GA_3$ treatment provides a basis for the efficient method obtaining healthy plantlets derived from ginseng somatic embryos.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.93-96
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• 1970

대두(大豆)의 발아기간(發芽期間) 6일간(日間)에 있어서 자엽(子葉) 및 seedling 양조직(兩組織)의 lactic dehydrogenase 활성(活性)이 어떻게 변화하며 그 변화가 어떤 상관성(相關性)을 갖는가를 살펴 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다, 1. 자엽(子葉)의 LDH활성(活性)은 발아후(發芽後) 3일까지의 전반기(前半期)에는 계속 증가(增加)하나 그 후반(後半)의 3일간(日間)은 격감(激減)한다. 2. Seedling의 LDH활성(活性) 역시 발아후(發芽後) 3일(日)의 전반기(前半期)에서는 자엽(子葉) LDH의 증가(增加)와 의의(意義)있는 상관하(相關下)에 증가(增加)하나 자엽(子葉)과는 달라서 후반(換半)에서도 그 상승치(上昇値)를 계속 유지(維持)한다. 3. 따라서 대두(大豆) 자엽(子葉)은 발아후(發芽後) 3일(日)이 되면 대사효율(代謝?率)이 현저(顯著)히 감퇴(減退)하나 seedling에서는 계속 대사효율(代謝?率)이 높이 유지(維持)됨을 알았다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제8권
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• pp.81-86
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• 1967

대두발아시(大豆發芽時)의 각기관단백질(各器官蛋白質)의 변동(變動)과 자엽(子葉) KNA 함량(含量)의 증감(增減)이 X 선조사(線照射)로 어떤 변화(變化)를 일으키는가를 분석연구(分析硏究)하여 다음의 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 자엽(子葉)을 제외(除外)한 타발아기관(他發芽器官) 즉(卽) 배축(胚軸), 유엽(幼葉), 유근(幼根) 등(等)은 발아(發芽)와 더부러단백질(蛋白質)이 증가(增加)하나 자엽(子葉)에서는 감소(減少)함으로 발아(發芽)에 있어서 전자(前者)들은 합성적(合成的)인 후자(候者)에서는 분해적(分解的)인 대사(代謝)를 영위(營爲)한다. 2) 발아성장중(發芽成長中)의 대두자엽(大豆子葉) RNA는 발아시작후(發芽始作後) 6일(日)까지는 감소(減少)하고 기후(其後)는 증가(增加)하는바, $300{\gamma}$의 X 선조사(線照射)로서 이 변화(變化)는 촉진(促進)되는 반면(反面) $600{\gamma}$, $900{\gamma}$의 X 선조사(線照射)로서는 오히려 손상적(損傷的)으로 작용(作用)한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.199-204
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• 1999

인삼 자엽을 식물호르몬을 전혀 첨가하지 않은 Murashige와 Skoog배지에 배양할 경우 고빈도로 자엽의 표면으로부터 체세포배가 발생되었다. 그러나 cytokinin을 첨가배지에서는 체세포배의 발생이 억제되면서 부정아가 발생되었다. BAP처리배지에서 kinetin 처리보다 부정아의 발생이 높은 경향을 보였으며, IBA와 사이토카이닌의 혼합 처리시에는 부정아의 발생빈도가 단일처리보다 훨씬 증가한 경향을 보였다. 특히 0.05mg/1 IBA와 5mg/l BAP 혼합처리구에서 부정아의 형성이 $40\%$로 매우 높은 빈도로 발생하였다. 체세포배의 발생은 자엽의 기부에서만 발생된 반면 부정아는 자엽의 정부에서 주로 발생되었기 때문에 체세포배의 발생 부위와는 뚜렷이 구분되는 특징을 보였다. 또한 부정아는 접합자배의 측아와 같이 포로 둘러싼 녹색돌기로 자라다가 포가 열개되면서 유경이 생장하였는데 줄기의 구조가 아닌 단엽의 구조를 지니며 생장되었다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.191-195
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• 2000

사과나무 교배잡종 (P.16 $\times$ M. prunifolia)의 자엽과 배축 조직을 배양하여 신초의 재분화에 미치는 2,4-D, NAA 키네틴, BA, thidiazuron의 처리효과를 조사하였다. 자엽조직은 1.0 mg/L＋ NAA +2.0 mg/L BA 처리구에서, 배축조직은 0.5 mg/L NAA+0.5mg/L BA처리구에서 가장 많은 수의 신초가 분화하였으며, BA 무첨가구에서는 신초의 재분화가 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 자엽조직보다는 배축조직을 배양하는 것이 더 효과적이었으며 특히, 배축의 상위부분을 치상하였을때 신초 재분화가 더 양호하였다. 재분화된 신초를 1/2 MS에 1.0mg/L NAA를 첨가한 발근배지에 계대배양한 결과 발근이 양호하였으며 정상적인 식물체로 생장하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.186-193
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Before generating transgenic plant using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the efficiency test of sgRNAs is recommended to reduce the time and effort for plant transformation and regeneration process. The efficiency of the sgRNA can be measured through the transient expression of sgRNA and Cas9 gene in tomato cotyledon; however, we found that the calculated efficiency showed a large variation. It is necessary to increase the precision of the experiment to obtain reliable sgRNA efficiency data from transient expression. METHODS AND RESULTS: The cotyledon of 11^th, 15^th, 19^th, and 23^rd-day-old tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) were used for expressing CRISPR-Cas9 transiently. The agrobacterium harboring sgRNA for targeting ALS2 gene of tomato was injected through the stomata of leaf adaxial side and the genomic DNA was extracted in 5 days after injection. The target gene edition was identified by amplifying DNA fragment of target region and analyzing with Illumina sequencing method. The target gene editing efficiency was calculated by counting base deletion and insertion events from total target sequence read. CONCLUSION: The CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency varied with tomato cotyledon age. The highest efficiency was observed at the 19-day-old cotyledons. Both the median and mean were the highest at this stage and the sample variability was also minimized. We found that the transgene of CRISPR-Cas9 system was strongly correlated with plant leaf development and suggested the optimum cotyledon leaf age for Agrobacterium-mediated transfection in tomato.