• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2007

Using 2004 Household Income & Expenditure Survey, this study investigated difference in consumption pattern among the households with the different number of children, and estimated the monetary cost of rearing children. The findings were as following. First, the major consumption categories for raising children included the expenditures for education, food materials, utility, health, and communication. Second, the potential consumption needs for clothing & foot ware and culture & entertainment were not fully satisfied for the households with children compared to the households without children. Third, in the households with one child, the level of consumption was about two thirds of that in the households without children. It was slightly above half in the households with two children. Lower consumption level of the households with children was mainly due to the burden of the educational expenditure. Forth, the average monthly cost of raising children was estimated by 680 thousands Won for one child, and 104 thousand Won for two children. Lastly, the implications for the fertility policy and the methods for the estimation of the child cost were suggested based on the results.

• 아동학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.275-288
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• 1996

The purposes of this study were to investigate children's prosocial behavior by age and sex and to examine the relationship between children's prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behavior by costs and types of tasks. The subjects were 300 3th-and 6th-graders enrolled in elementary schools in Seoul. The revised form of Prosocial Moral Dilemmas including costs and types of tasks was used. The tasks of prosocial behaviors included time-cost tasks, money-cost tasks and physical strength-cost tasks. For data analysis, the paired t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlations were used. Major findings were as follows; (1)There was age difference in children's prosocial behavior. 6th-graders performed at a higher level than 3th-graders. Sex differences weren't significant. In low- and high-cost tasks and in time-, money-, and physical strength-cost tasks, there were (2) Scores on high-cost behavior tasks were higher than on low-cost tasks. (3) Children's prosocial moral reasoning was positively related to prosocial behavior; in low- and high-cost tasks, and in time-, money-, and physical strength-cost tasks.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.103-124
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to analyze marriage cost planning and marriage cost for the children. Data were obtained from 306 households with at least one child married within past 5 years in Seoul. There were significant differences in marriage cost planning. The average marriage cost was 46,410,000won. Earned income finance asset child's sex child's marriage type the length of planning whether debts were incurred or not and whether the property was sold for child's marriage were significantly associated with the marriage cost. Finally socio-economic variable and marriage cost planning variables played more imprtant role in determining child's marriage cost than child related variables.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.319-329
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• 2015

Objectives: Parental socioeconomic status (SES) exerts a substantial influence on children's health. The purpose of this study was to examine factors determining children's private health insurance (PHI) enrolment and children's healthcare utilization according to PHI coverage. Methods: Korea Health Panel data from 2011 (n=3085) was used to explore the factors determining PHI enrolment in children younger than 15 years of age. A logit model contained health status and SES variables for both children and parents. A fixed effects model identified factors influencing healthcare utilization in children aged 10 years or younger, using 2008 to 2011 panel data (n=9084). Results: The factors determining children's PHI enrolment included children's age and sex and parents' educational status, employment status, and household income quintile. PHI exerted a significant effect on outpatient cost, inpatient cost, and number of admissions. Number of outpatient visits and total length of stay were not affected by PHI status. The interaction between PHI and age group increased outpatient cost significantly. Conclusions: Children's PHI enrolment was influenced by parents' SES, while healthcare utilization was affected by health and disability status. Therefore, the results of this study suggest disparities in healthcare utilization according to PHI enrollment.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.385-396
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the economic efficiency of a nutrition management program for children under 5 years of age in Kenge, Kwango District, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) from 2014 to 2016. Methods: The economic efficiency of a nutrition management program for children under 5 years of age who have recovered from malnutrition status was evaluated using a cost-benefit analysis. The costs were analyzed according to the executed budget incurred during the project period. The benefits were estimated as the monetary value of the saved lives of children under 5 years of age. The economic efficiency of the program was determined by the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR). The BCR was calculated by dividing the total discounted benefit by the total discounted costs. The project is economically efficient when the BCR is greater than 1. Results: The costs of the nutrition management program were calculated as 1,677,609,648 Korean Won (KRW). A total of 2,466 children survived with improved malnutrition status through this program. The benefit for the reduction of mortality for children under 5 years of age was estimated to be 6,814,354,467 KRW, the estimated value of life for 2,466 children. The BCR was 4.06. Conclusions: The nutrition management program for children under 5 years of age in DR Congo was found to be a cost-effective project. Successful and efficient Official Development Assistance (ODA) for a health project requires integrated and comprehensive strategies and specialized international development consulting to improve efficiency. Future nutrition management programs should take into account the national health program to maintain the sustainability of the project.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2014

This paper explores factors associated with multiple concurrent care and education arrangements in early childhood in South Korea. It draws on a subsample from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families. Results show that about one-fifth of the families utilized multiple arrangements for their first preschool child. The primary non-parental option in multiplicity was nurseries or kindergartens. Home care and education options such as home study materials were found to be most prevalent secondary non-parental option, followed by services at private institution as well as relative care. Children's age, care cost, non-parental care time and time constraints were found to be positively related to the incidence of multiplicity for the first preschool child while family income and cost constraints were negatively associated. As a secondary option in the multiplicity, services at private institutions increased with children's age, care cost and when the grandparents live far from the parents' house. Home care and education utilization was found more among mothers with low degree of time constraints. Utilization of relative support decreased with the children's age and meant lower care cost and increased with mother's employment, fathers' education, family income, cost constraints and when grandparents live nearby. This paper, based on the associated factors, suggests how issues of children enrichment and constraints might be related to the multiplicity.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that influence financial transfers between married women aged 20-40 and their parents and parents-in-law. In particular, we examine whether there is any reciprocity between parental support for the cost of marriage formation and financial resource transfers from married children to their parents and parents-in-law. Data from the 2009 wave of the Survey of Marriage and Childbirth were analyzed. Among married women who have been married for over 16 years, we find that the probability of them giving financial resources to their parents increases in line with the parental support they received to help their marriage formation cost. Therefore, we confirm that there is reciprocity between parental support for the cost of marriage formation cost and children's financial support provision for parents.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.337-365
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• 1994

Rubella is a viral disease with mild constitutional symptoms and generalized rashes. In childhood, it is an inconsequential illness, but when it occurs during early pregnant period, there are significant risks of heart defects, cataract, mental retardation to the fetus. The series of congenital defects induced by rubella is called 'congenital rubella syndrome'. Many research have been performed to find out more effective prevention program on rubella. The objectives of this study are, first, to calculate the incidence rate of acute rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome in Korea, second, to evaluate economic efficiency of several rubella vaccination policies and to offer data for the most reasonable decision on vaccination policy. Study populations are 663,312 children of one year-old in 1992. The author has performed cost-benefit analyses according to the three vaccination policies-U.S.A.'s. U.K.'s and Sweden's. In this Study, the author got the incidence rate of acute rubella infection using the catalytic model. In the meantime, the author used 50 per 100,000 live births as the incidence rate of congenital rubella syndrome. The discount rate used in this study was 5 percent per annum. The sensitivity analyses were done with different discount rates (4%, 7%) and different incidence rate of congenital rubella syndrome (10,100 per 100,000 live births) : The study results are as follows: 1. Without vaccination, lifetime expenditures per patient for acute rubella infeciton amount to 14,822 won and the total expenditures to about 3.1 billion won. Meanwhile, lifetime expenditures per patient for congenital rubella syndrome amount to about 91 million won and the total expenditures to about 16.3 billion won without vaccination. 2. The cost of vaccination for a child of one year old was 2,322 won and the total cost for the one year old children was about 1.5 billion won (American style). The cost for vaccination of female children at fifteen was about 339 million won (Birtish style). And the cost of vaccination at one for both sex and female children at fifteen was about 1.9 billion won (Swedish style). 3. The benefit to cost ratios of vaccination of female children at fifteen that is the british mode of rubella vaccination, was 60.0 at the level of 80% population coverage and 48.6 at 100% coverage. It shows much higher benefit to cost ratio than those of the other two vaccination policies. 4. Both net benefits of vaccination at one (American style) and that of vaccinations at one and fifteen (Swedish style) range from about 17.0 billion to 17.8 billion won, those were larger than that of vaccinations of female children at fifteen (Birtish style, about 16.0 billion). 5. In marginal cost-benefit analysis of only additional program of revaccination, the benefit to cost ratios were 3.6 (80% coverage rate) or 0.6 (100% coverage rate). It implies that additional program was less efficient or inefficient. 6. In sensitivity analysis with different discount rates(4% or 7%) and different incidence rates of congenital rubella syndrome (10 or 100 per 100,000 live births), the benefit to cost ratios has fluctuated in wide range. However, all the ratios of vaccination of female children at fifteen were higher than those of the others. Even under the most conservative assumption, the benefit to cost ratios of all the rubella vaccination policies were higher than 3.3. In conclusion, all the rubella vaccination policies found to be cost-effective and particularly the vaccination of female children at fifteen was strongly recommended.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.125-142
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• 2018

최근 지역에 건립되고 있는 혁신도시에는 대체로 인구 중 고학력의 젊은 주민들이 많고 어린이 비율이 높아 어린이도서관에 대한 요구가 높다. 이러한 상황에서 이 연구에서는 최근 인구유입이 증가하고 있는 지역 혁신도시내에 어린이도서관 건립의 실현가능성을 검토하기 위해 C 혁신도시를 사례로 어린이도서관 건립의 경제적 타당성을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 지역 주민들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시한 후 C 혁신도시 내 어린이도서관 건립의 비용편익분석을 실시하였다. 이어서 도서관 건립에 소요되는 비용을 추정하고, 도서관 건립으로 인한 편익을 산출한 후 편익비용비율, 순현재가치, 내부수익률을 계산하여 경제적 타당성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 편익비용비율, 순현재가치, 내부수익율 등의 판단기준을 근거로 혁신도시 어린이도서관 건립은 경제적 타당성을 확보한 것으로 나타났다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.169-181
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of living cost reduction through social welfare services and programs and to suggest the further ways of saving living cost for low-income households. For the research purpose, low-income household type was divided into three representative groups such as senior household, household with school-aged children, and household with the disabled based on the literature review. Four case households which live in permanent rental apartment in Seoul were selected as research subjects. During March 14~April 10, 2010, each household was interviewed to examine the details of monthly income and expenditure structure and types of welfare services receiving. Although some differences exist among cases, there was a definite living cost reduction effect through welfare services and programs from 12% to 150%. Household with school-aged children required diversified education programs corresponding to the children's age. Meanwhile, households including senior and the disabled indicated the necessity of convenient transportation system.