• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2003

Two categories of cosmetic products, cosmetics and quasi-drugs, have been established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan. Japanese pharmaceutical law has defined that products categorized as cosmetics do not exhibit any effects on human skin. In fact, cosmetic products are not permitted to claim any efficacy. On the other hand, products in the quasi-drug category can claim several efficacies such as anti-inflammatory effects, whitening/lightning effects, hair growth effects and so on. Unfortunately, the Japanese MHLW has not yet approved the efficacy of anti-aging/anti-wrinkle effects as a claim point. However, the population is aging, and the demand for anti-aging/anti-wrinkle products is increasing year by year. Japanese cosmetic companies have proposed to the MHLW that anti-aging/anti-wrinkle agents be approved as a claim concept of a quasi-drug. However, unified evaluation methods for anti-aging/anti-wrinkle effects have not been established. Currently, each company evaluates the efficacy of products/materials using their own original methods. Thus, to request approval of the MHLW, the establishment of a unified evaluation method is needed. Consequently, the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA) has established a task force to develop guidelines for evaluating anti-wrinkle effects in 1998. In conclusion, the JCIA would like to adopt visual and image analysis scales to evaluate the anti-wrinkle effects objectively. Generally, wrinkles are roughly classified into three groups as fine wrinkles, linear deep wrinkles and crow's feet. However, academic societies of dermatology or cosmetics have not yet established a definition of wrinkles in Japan. Thus, in advance of setting up an evaluation method, the definition of wrinkles f3r evaluation must be decided. Wrinkles are defined by the task force of the JCIA as follows; furrows that people can recognize visually and that appear on the forehead, the corners of the eyes and the backs of the neck with aging. In addition, furrows are emphasized by exposure to solar light and by dry conditions. Visual evaluation is the most sensitive method and can be applied to most types of wrinkles. However, visual evaluation is hard to express digitally as results. Besides, in the case of image analysis, comparisons of data obtained from distinct examinations can not be done, because data from image analysis are relative values. Thus, to enhance the reliability of the evaluations, the adoption of an objective scale was required. The principle of the evaluation method is to analyze images taken from silicone replicas of wrinkle areas using several parameters, such as the proportion of the wrinkle $area({\%})$, the mean depth of the wrinkles (mm), the mean depth of the deepest wrinkle (m) and the deepest point on the deepest wrinkle. Lights are shown on the skin replica from an orthogonal direction of the main orientation of the wrinkle, and the resulting shadow images are quantified by the image analysis method. To increase the precision of the data or to allow comparisons of independent examinations, a scale with furrows of several depths, 200, 400, 600, 800, and $1000{\mu}m$, is adapted in the evaluation system. I will explain the guidelines established by the JCIA in the presentation.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.82-94
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• 1999

According to Korean's geographical features of Taek Li Ji, the best location for human settlements is on the vicinity of a stream among a stream, an river and a sea, and not far from a ridge. The researcher chose one of best village which is called Yougokmaeul in Bonghwa-Gun, Kyungsang-Do. This village was created a gathering village with the same surname, can be translated as a hen and the front mountain can be seen as a rooster in the view of the shape of geographical features. As it were, the shape of this village and the cultivated land seems to be an egg inside a nest of a parent's chicken in the respect of the analogy of the theory of P'ungsuchiri which is known as Feng Shui in China and geomancy in the western world, and to effect the defensive psychology of the living environment in the terrain inland. This village is the studying place, Suckchunjungsa as the lecturing and studying place for their following students within the Chunghadonchun, the studying Yougok village, and even the ritual place performing ancestral sacrifices and the first incoming ancestor's graves in the same geographical system. The house site of the first incoming resident is surrounded the countian and is located in the front of Backsulryount which is the main mountain through Moonsu-san in the branch mountain of Korean's mountain system. Backsulryoung which is to be seen as the white peak, is symbolized the head of a hen which is to relate to a mysterious turtle in the view of P'ungsuchiri. And the pavilion which is called Chungamjung is sited on the rock of a shape of turtle which is symbolized to live longer. In the section of the mountain and water, Lee Jung Hwan mentioned a living place near the mountain stream is the best residential area and a landscape which is composed by a stream between mountains make a pleasure spirit and a bright feeling and make a refined person. If one can reach in the graceful mountain make a pleasure split and a bright feeling and make a refined person. If one can reach in the graceful mountain half day away, this kind of place must be a best living residential area to live. But this village was structured all in one place. And one of the ideas tangibly reflected in traditional Korean society's view of life and nature is the seclusion based on the Taoism. This kind of a dreamy thoughts make a dream to keep the paradise in our ancestors' mind. This kind of utopia is Chunghadonchun which is structured 5 aspects from the utopian gate near the Samgaesuewon to the village. These 5aspects is expressed by some Confucian thoughts as a small cosmos individually. On the third aspects which is the center among these aspects, the Suckchunjungsa which was made a seclusion place to devoting himself to his studies with refined tastes. The word of Jiju-am, Gangpung-dae, Jaewol-dae and Biryoung-pock are all expressed to cultivate one's moral character and to seek the truth by the Confucius'theory through the nature.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제5_6권
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• pp.1-7
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• 1968

본 연구는 오동나무천구소병 바이러스의 매개충을 구명하기 위하여 착수했으며, 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 오동나무천구소병의 이병수에 모여드는 흡수성곤충 중에서 가장 발생이 많았던 곤충은 담배장님노린제며 난, 약충, 성충이 8월 중순부터 10월 하순까지 발생하였다. 2) 담배장님노린재가 오동나무천구소병 바이러스의 매개곤충임이 구명되었다. 3) 담배장님노린재에 의하여 오동나무천구소병 바이러스를 접종한 결과 오동나무유식물에서는 접종 후 20일만에 발병을 보았고 접종 40일만에 오통나무천구소병 특유의 병징이 발현되었다. 4) 접종실험을 통해서 확인된 오동나무천구소병 바이러스의 기주식물은 오동나무 이외에 금잔화 및 나팔꽃이며, 일년감$\cdot$당근$\cdot$과꽃$\cdot$ 백일흥$\cdot$코스므스$\cdot$대두$\cdot$질경이 등에서는 충접종 후 2개월까지도 뚜렷한 발병을 확인할 수 없었다. 5) 금잔화와 나팔꽃은 발병까지의 잠복기간이 짧고 병징발현이 뚜렷한 점으로 미뤄 오동나무천구소병 바이러스의 유망한 검정식물로 생각된다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제5권
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• pp.281-306
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• 1996

A study on the effect of the Sun-Moon-Stars(日月星辰) in Huang Ti Nei Ching("黃帝內經") on the formation of the Yunqi theory(運氣理論) have revealed following conclusions. 1. There was a record of Stars(星辰) written by Gabgol-Character(甲骨文字) in the Yin(殷) Dynasty. But the very first documentary records of Stars(星辰) is Shu Jing("書經"). Ancient astronomy had the tendency of astrology of combined with theory of the Five Elements(五行) and finally effects the theory of formation of Huang Ti Nei Ching("黃帝內經"). 2. Shu Jing("書經") said that Junrak(錢樂) made an Armillary sphere(運天儀) in the Sung(宋) Dynasty. And in the Jin(秦) and the Han(漢) Dynasty, they already observed the stars. The Sunkiokhyung(璿機玉衡) which is machinery of star-observing, became to be called an Armillary sphere (運天儀) by the pass of times. 3. As of the theory of the Cosmos-structure(宇宙-構造論) in Ohanunhangdaeron("五運行大論"), Guiyugu(鬼兒區) announced the Hypothesis of Covering Heaven(蓋天說) but Kibak(岐伯) supported the Hypothesis of chaosheven's(蓋天說) and in the theory of atmosphere(大氣論) in Ohanunhangdaeron("五運行大論") said that the earth was in Great Empty(太虛) and it was floating in the universe by the Great Chi(大氣). 4. The knowledge about the Five stars(五星) in Huang Ti Nei Ching("黃帝內經") is presented in the section of Gemgwejineonron("金?眞言論"), Gigoupyondaeron("氣交變大論"), Youkwonjeonggidaeron("六元正紀大論").ln the method of identifying the Five stars(五星) presented the criteria of the brightness, the altitude, the colours and the orbit etc. 5. The jupiter which has twelve year's revolution cycle was the basis of determination on the Twelve constellation(12辰), the Twelve field of heaven(12次), the Twelve Houses in the ecliptic(黃道 12宮), the Twelve Earth's Branches(12支) and the Twelve fields of Earth(12分野) and also it became the origin of the duodecimals(12進法). 6. The saturn having about twenty-eight year's revolution cycle became the criterion in identifying the Twenty Eight Constellations(28宿) which was used as the coordinates of the Celestial sphere (天球). 7. By the Percussional movement(歲差運動), the position of polaris and the Vernal-Antumal equinox(春秋分点) were shifted. Therefore the ancient the Heaven Gate-Earth Door(天門-地戶) changed from the position of Sil-Byuk(室壁), Yik-Jin(翼軫). And the precisional movements brought about the concept of the WunHoyYunSe(元會運世) that is a method of dividing a period. Also the precisional movement gave three dimension(三次元) foundation interpreted the Sixty JiaZi (六十甲子) which is revolving through sixty years uniformally. 8. The Hypothesis of the Nine Houses and Eight Winds(九宮八風論) which is one field of the astrology of ancient polaris-nine Houses divination plate(太一九宮占盤) brought about the concept of deficiency and excess and the concept of the Wind Vice(風邪). In the Calendar System(曆法) presented in Huang Ti Nei Ching("黃帝內經") the tropical year of the Sun-Moon-Stars(日月星辰) and the revolution and the rotation of the earth give explanations the changes of Yin-Yang(陰陽) by the use of the ten Celestial branches(十干) and the twelve Earth branches(十二支).

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.5-29
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• 1992

In this study, the author researched the process in which the philosophical basis of 'Sa Sang Medicine (四象醫學)' and its methodology build up the principles of Sa Sang Medicine, and then, examined how the principles were applied to the theoretical system of Sa Sang Medicine. The conclusion would be summarized as follows. 1. 'Nae Kyung Medicine (內經醫學)' was developed under the concept that the cosmos's order and its moving rule could be directly applied to that of human body, which corresponded to the 'Theory of Hwang-No (黃老之學)'. On the contrary, Sa Sang Medicine is a thoroughly human-oriented theory formed in the Confucianism system. 2. Lee Jae-Ma's Substantialism can be briefed into 'Mind 心' (Tae Keuk 太極), 'Mind-Body 心身' (Yang Eui 兩儀) and 'Activity-Mind-Body-Matter 事心身物' (Sa Sang 四象), which respectively represents one-elemented substance, two-elemented substance and four-elemented substance. Especially, Sa Sang was used as a basic framework in which he recognized all the objects and phenomena. So, most critical significance of his substantialism consists in the intention of Sa Sang type classifying. 3. By the method of Sa Sang type classifying, Lee Jae-Ma not only redefined the main concepts of confucianism and developed a unique philosophy of his own, but also, in the field of medical science, resystemized and re-explained the structure and function of human body. 4. From the recognition that Activity-Mind-body-Matter (Sa Sang) are four different existence forms of energy 氣 (or four variation types of energy), Yi Jae-Ma thinks that the viscera of human body have a vertical structure of 'four parts 四焦' (upper, mid-upper, mid-lower and lower parts) and its physiological function is operated by the rising and falling action of four energy presentations (sorrow 哀, anger 怒, joy 喜 and pleasure 樂). 5. In "Gyuk Chi Go 格致藁", Lee Jae-Ma understood the concept of joy, anger, sorrow and pleasure on the basis of nature-emotion theory 性情論 from the philosophical viewpoint. But, from the medical viewpoint of "Dong Eui Su Se Bo Won 東醫壽世保元", he understood them on the basis of vital energy theory. That is, sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure are expression of advance or reverse of nature vital-energy 性氣 and emotion vital-energy 情氣. 6. The rising and falling action principle of four energy presentations (sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure) which produces and helps each other is an identical principles of Sa Sang Medicine, distinguished from the Oh-Haeng 五行 circulating principle in Nae Kyung Medicine. Through this principle, Lee Jae-Ma explained the viscera physiology of human body, pathology & diagnosis and pharmacology.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2016

검역잡초가 혼입된 수입식물은 폐기, 반송 또는 가공처리 같은 처분을 받아야 한다. 열처리는 한국 뿐만 아니라 캐나다, 호주, 미국 등 많은 국가에서 가공처리 방법으로 사용되고 있다. 본 연구는 수입식물에 혼입된 새삼속 종자를 사멸시키기 위한 적절한 열처리 방법을 찾고자 수행하였다. 2종의 새삼속 종자와 6종류의 수입종자를 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, $120^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45분 또는 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8시간 열처리 하였다. 실험 결과 새삼속 종자는 $85^{\circ}C$에서 2시간, $90^{\circ}C$에서 30분, $95^{\circ}C$와 $100^{\circ}C$에서 15분, $110^{\circ}C$에서 10분, $120^{\circ}C$에서 5분 열처리로 발아력을 상실하였다. 한편, 코스모스와 과꽃의 종자세는 $85^{\circ}C$에서 2시간, $90^{\circ}C$에서 30분 열처리 조건에서 무처리와 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제41호
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• pp.61-90
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• 2010

본고는 조선시대 성리학자들의 계보 속에서 여헌(旅軒) 장현광(張顯光)(1554-1637)의 문학론과 산문이 지닌 특징을 구명하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 이는 그간 성리학자의 문학에 대한 연구가 16세기에 집중되었던 것을 반성하고, 17세기 이후 성리학자 문학의 향방을 탐색하기 위한 것이다. 여헌의 삶과 학문, 그리고 문학 전체를 관류하는 지향점은 '우주적 차원의 인문 정신'이었다. 여헌은 붕당의 분화 대립이라는 정치 구조의 변화와 임진왜란이라는 전쟁을 겪으면서, 우주적 차원에서 인문 정신을 실현해야 할 책임자로서 인간의 주체성을 재정립하고자 하였다. 이에 여헌은 문(文)을 통해야만 도(道)가 실현될 수 있다고 보았는데, 이는 16세기 성리학자들에 비해 문의 존재 가치를 보다 강조한 것이다. 여헌은 박영(朴英)(1471-1540), 조식(曺植)(1501-1572), 성운(成運)(1497-1579) 등 노장에 포용적이었던 전대 성리학자들의 산문을 수용하면서도, 주제적으로 노장적 사유를 소거시키고 형식적으로 우언(寓言)과는 거리를 두었다. 이는 이황(李滉)(1501-1570)의 견해를 수용한 것이었는데, 이황이 산문의 장르에 상관없이 성리학적 개념을 사변적으로 논설하는 데에 주력했다면, 여헌은 구체적 자기 경험을 기반으로 하여 우주적 차원에서 인문의 실현자로서 유자(儒者)가 지녀야 할 주체성을 환기시킨 점에 그 특징이 있었다. 이상을 통해 17세기 성리학들의 문학이 결코 16세기의 아류나 경화(硬化)에 불과한 것이 아니었으며, 변화된 현실 속에서 전대의 문학적 성취를 반성하고 갱신한 측면이 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제29권
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• pp.113-131
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• 2012

In our days, we live in the world of image and imagination. Now we think that the images and imaginations are no more selective but indispensable elements in our life. The status of imagination is dramatically changed since 20 century. Many philosophers like G. Bachelard, G. Durand, Paul Ricoeur, H. Corbin, G. Deleuze made great contributions and we think that the studies of imagination began since 20 century. But the change of the status of imagination was not made in one day. In the long history of human life, the imagination kept his own value, and never stopped to give his influence to the human mentalities. The concept of imagination was born from the Plato's notion of phantasia. Plato thinks that the phantasia is a kind of drawing capacity in mind in the process of recognition. But the image which phantasia makes is not real one but pseudo one. So it is necessary to banish those false images from our recognition. Aristotle thought phantasia as an afterimage of object of sense. The sense is always true, but the phantasia is very possible to be an error. After Plato and Aristotle, the notion of phantasia developed into that of imagination, but it was always a problem full of contradictions. According to G. Durand, we can say, in some sense, the history of western philosophy is a kind of struggle against the image and imagination. In Middle Age, the iconoclasm tried to exclude image from their religion. Thomas Aquinas tried to explain the image by the rationalistic christianisme. In 16-17C Galilei and Descartes solidified the exclusion of imagination from the philosophy in the name of science and reason. The empiricism and positivism was the final and the most conclusive philosophies which exclude the imagination definitively from the field of philosophy. But the imagination continued his influence in the field of art. In the age of Renaissance, the imagination found his way of liberal expression, and this trend was inherited to Baroque. From the middle of 17c many philosophical theories supported the imagination by many philosophers like J.-B. Dubos, Baumgarten, A. Becq, J.-J. Rousseau etc. The Romanticism was the first significant wave which made the imagination come forward in front the art. The romanticism broke the narrow frame of rationalism and expand human's view of the world to the cosmos. From the romanticism, the imagination became a faculty which expresses the unity of human and nature. That was impossible by the rational thinking of rationalism. The concept of new imagination made a new future of human, 'the imagining conscious' and this imagining conscious provided a solid base of next generation's symbolism and surrealism.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제25호
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• pp.333-354
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• 2009

장자 철학에서 인간이 만물 간에 고경(苦境)에 처하게 되는 이유를 크게 두 가지로 보았다. 한 가지는 인간과 만물 간에는 본래 가치상 차이가 없으나 인간 마음속에 "성심(成心)"이 생겨 인간이 우주의 진상을 바르게 인식 하지 못함으로써 서로간의 옮고 그름의 시비를 일으켰다는 것이다. 이러한 "성심(成心)"은 인간의 마음을 안녕(安寧) 상태로 유지할 수 없게 하여, 인간이 만물 간에 고경(苦境)에 처하게 된 이유 중의 하나이다. 다른 한 가지는, 장자 철학에서는 개개인의 마음이 "불동지심(不動之心)"한 원시신화적인 "지덕지세(至德之世)"를 이상적인 세계로 여겼는데, 사회정치적인 원인에 의해 "인의도덕(仁義道德)"을 제창하여 인간의 마음 상태를 "영인지심(?人之心)"으로 조성하였으니, 이는 인간과 만물의 이상적인 관계를 해치게 되는 원인이면서도 인간과 만물 간에 고경(苦境)에 처하게 된 이유 중에 하나이다. 인간이 이런 고경(苦境)의 처지를 벗어나 만물과 함께 할 수 있는 방법을 장자 철학에서는 인간이 사물을 인식할 때, 사물의 본질 그 자체로만 인식해야 만물 간 가치상의 차이가 있지 않을 것이라고 하였고, 또한 장자는 "만물위일(萬物?一)"의 관념을 이해해야 한다고 했다. 장자 철학에서 "만물위일(萬物?一)"의 의미는 크게 두 가지 측면이 있는데, 한 가지는 만물을 인식함에 있어서 모든 사물 간에 가치적인 차이를 두지 말아야 한다는 것이고, 다른 한 가지는 객관적 존재로서의 "만물위일(萬物?一)"이다. 객관적 존재로서의 "만물위일(萬物?一)"에는 세 가지 측면에서의 "만물위일(萬物?一)"이라는 의미를 담고 있다. 그 중 한 가지는 인간과 만물 간의 "성(性)"의 동연성(同然性)과 만물을 생성하고 변화를 추동하는 추동자의 동일성, 또 한 가지는 만물이 끊임없이 변화한다는 사실에서의 "만물위일(萬物?一)"이다. 그러므로 우리 인간들이 사물의 본질을 정확히 인식하고 만물을 대할 때, 만물 간에 진정으로 "만물위일(萬物?一)"을 실현할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제56호
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• pp.181-208
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• 2018

이 논문은 상박초간 "주역" 감괘(欽卦)를 중심으로 중국고대 점복문화를 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 점서였던 "주역"의 경문을 유가가 어떻게 유가 윤리로 만들어갔는가를 밝히고자 하는 것이다. 상박초간 "주역" 감괘는 현행본의 함괘(咸卦)에 해당하며 '감(感)'의 뜻으로, 괘 전체의 주제는 남녀 간의 육체적 사랑과 결혼이다. 청화간(淸華簡) "서법(筮法)" 등 고대의 점술에 남녀 간의 결혼을 점친 예는 상당히 많은데 이런 자료들도 감괘가 단순히 사랑과 결혼에 대한 점술이었다는 것을 증명한다. 상박초간 "주역"과 마왕퇴백서 "주역"의 감괘 효사 및 현행본 함괘 효사를 비교분석해보면 상박초간본 ${\rightarrow}$ 마왕퇴본 ${\rightarrow}$ 현행본으로 변해가는 모습을 찾아볼 수 있다. 이는 "주역" 텍스트가 많은 변화를 거쳐 현재의 모습으로 이루어졌음을 보여주는 증거다. 한편 "순자" "대략(大略)"편, 현행본 "주역" "단전(彖傳)"은 함괘의 주제를 남녀 간의 사랑과 결혼에서 추상화하여 부부의 도, 나아가 음양 '이기(二氣)'의 철학으로 확대한다. 이러한 확대는 결국 자연철학 방면으로는 세계, 우주를 구성하는 '이기'의 감응에 의한 만물생성론을, 인간사회 방면으로는 성인의 감화를 통한 천하화평을 주장하는 데에까지 나아간다. "서괘전"도 함괘를 '부부의 도리'로 보고 이에 기초하여 부자, 군신, 상하, 예의로까지 확대시킨다. "서괘전"이 함괘를 서술할 때 '남녀'가 아닌 '하늘과 땅'으로 시작하고 있는 것은 "단전"의 논의를 바탕에 두고 있기 때문이다. 이처럼 우주적 질서에서 시작하여 인간의 예의로 귀결을 맺는 것은 철저한 유가적 사유로, 따라서 "서괘전"이 만들어진 시점에서 "주역"의 유교경전화는 이미 완성되어 있었다고 생각된다.