• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.183-196
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• 2007

Objective : This study was conducted in order to find the effects of Gammaekdaejo-tang (Ganmaidazao-tang, GDT) by subjecting rats to immobilization stress, thereby inducing depression, anxiety and acquisition-retention defects. Method : Rats treated with normal saline, GDT 200mg/kg and GDT 400mg/kg were subjected to stress by immobilization. Afterwards, behavior changes were observed by elevated plus maze test, acquisition test and retention test in the Morris water maze. The results were obtained by immunohistochemically measuring stress hormone (corticosteroid) levels in the blood. Results and Conclusions : 1. The open arm test in the elevated plus maze showed that compared with the normal group, the time spent decreased in the control group and increased in the GDT 400mg/kg group. 2. The locomotor activity test in the elevated plus maze revealed that the control group showed significant activity decrease compared with the normal group but significant increase in the GDT 400mg/kg group. 3. The acquisition test in the Morris water maze showed that the acquisitive ability of the control group significantly deteriorated on the 3rd and 4th day compared with the normal group, but improved significantly in the GDT 200mg/kg and GDT 400mg/kg groups. 4. The retention test on the 7th day in the Morris water maze revealed that the retentive ability of the control group significantly deteriorated compared with the normal group, but the retentive ability of the GDT 400mg/kg group significantly improved. 5. The blood levels of corticosteroid in the control group increased significantly compared with the normal group but the levels of corticosterone in the blood of the GDT 400mg/kg group significantly decreased.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 1994

The adsorptive stripping voltammetry of corticosterone was studied in $1.0{\times}10^{-2}M$ sodium hydroxide as supporting electrolyte. The analytical conditions were as follow : 360 sec. for deposition time, -8.0 volts deposition potential, medium size mercury drop, and 20mV/sec scan rate. Calibration curve has shown a linearlity in the range of $5.0{\times}10^{-9}M$ to $8.0{\times}10^{-7}M$ and the detection limits have been $9.5{\times}10^{-10}M$ for corticoterones. This method has shown such a high sensitivity even in dilute solution that has been useful for analyzing sex hormones in medical supplies without interference of additives.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1581-1586
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of two types of housing systems and early age feed restriction on stress and fear reactions, and performance in broiler chickens raised in a hot, humid tropical climate. On day 1, chicks were housed either in windowless environmentally controlled chambers (temperature was set at 32$^{\circ}C$ on day 1 and gradually reduced to 23$^{\circ}C$ by day 21) or in conventional open-sided houses (OH) with cyclic temperatures (minimum, 24$^{\circ}C$; maximum, 34$^{\circ}C$). An equal number of chicks from each housing system was subjected to either ad libitum feeding (AL) or 60% feed restriction on day 4, 5 and 6 (FR). The CH birds showed greater weight gain, higher feed consumption and better feed conversion ratios (FCR) than their OH counterparts. Feeding regimen had negligible effect on overall performance. Neither housing nor feeding regimen had a significant (p<0.05) effect on mortality rate. Although the CH birds were less stressed, as measured by plasma corticosterone concentration (CORT), than those of OH, the former showed longer TI duration suggesting higher magnitude of underlying fearfulness. A significant (p<0.05) effect of housing on heterophil/lymphocyte ratios was only noted among the AL birds where the CH birds had higher values than OH. Collectively, these results suggest that although OH birds had poorer performance and higher level of stress than CH, the former were less fearful. Although FR had negligible effect on growth performance, the regimen alleviated both stress and fear reactions in broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.545-551
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• 2005

A feeding trial was conducted to determine whether dietary vitamin C (200 mg/kg) and vitamin E (250 mg/kg) prevent any drops in egg shell quality under heat stress in broiler breeder hens. One hundred and sixty molted Ross broiler breeders were housed randomly in an individual cage at 83 weeks of age. Four dietary treatments with forty hens and four replications per treatment were control (no additional vitamins), vitamin C-, or vitamin E-supplemented and combined supplementation of the two vitamins. After a tenday-adaptation period at 25$^{\circ}C$, the ambient temperature was kept at 32$^{\circ}C$ for a three-week-testing period. Egg production dropped dramatically over week but it did not show a significant change among treatments (p<0.05). However, egg quality parameters such as egg weight, specific gravity, shell thickness, SWUSA, puncture force and shell breaking strength from the birds fed the diet with the combined vitamins C and E were significantly improved over those of the control group during the heat stress period (p<0.05). The hens fed the vitamin C diet improved tibia breaking strength (37.16 kg), statistically higher than the birds fed the control and the vitamin E diets (p<0.05). The hens fed the control diet showed higher serum corticosterone levels, a mean of 5.97 ng/ml, than those of the other treatments (p<0.05). The heat stress resulted in elevated heterophils and decreased lymphocytes in serum, increasing the H/L ratios for all the treatments. However, the increases in H/L ratios were alleviated by feeding the diets containing vitamin C alone or together with vitamin E, although there were no significant differences in the ratio between the two groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, vitamins C (200 mg/kg) and/or E (250 mg/kg) supplemented to the diets for broiler breeder hens could prevent drops in egg shell quality and tibia bone strength under highly stressful environmental temperatures.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.69-76
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• 2015

Objectives : The effect of mixture extracted from Bupleuri Radix and Physalidis Herba(BR+RH) on the LPS-induced Depression in rats was investigated. Methods : Rats were administered intragastrically BR+PH after injectio of LPS to induce deprssion. Immobility was examined using Tail Suspension Test(TST), Forced Swimming Test(FST). The level of plasma corticosterone was measured by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) method. The expressions of c-Fos, Corticotropin Releasing Factor(CRF), NADPH-d in the Paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and TH in the Locus coeruleus(LC) were measured by immunohistochemical method. Results : In the effect of BR + PH on TST, immobility was significantly decreased comparing with the LPS group. In FST, immobility was shown decrease tendency in the BR+PH group. The expression of c-Fos in the PVN was significantly decreased at BR + PH400 group, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of CRF in PVN was shown dto have the decrease tendency in the BR+PH group, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of NADPH-d in PVN was not significantly decreased at BR+PH groups, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of TH in the LC was shown to have the decrease tendency at BR + RH groups, but not significantly, comparing with the LPS group. Conclusions : Anti-depressant effect of mixture after extracted from Bupleuri Radix and Physalidis Herba was through the anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of HPA axis. NO and catecholamine system is not involved.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.319-329
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• 2001

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a recently discovered potent vasoconstrictive peptide. It was first identified in vascular endothelial cells. ET-1 is a 21-amino acid peptide and elicits systemic effects such as stimulation of the production of atrial natriuretic peptide and release of aldosterone and corticosterone. In this study, to examine the role of ET-1 in the bone metabolism, effect of ET-1 on the proliferation and activity of osteoblastic cells was studied using HOS cells as osteoblast model. ET-1 dose-dependently increased the cell proliferation as determined by cell counting and MTT reduction assay after 48hr treatment. Alkaline phosphatase activity was inhibited by ET-1 and showed significant inhibition by 50 and 100 nM ET-1. ET-1 increased NBT reduction by HOS cells dose-dependently showing that ET-1 may increase the superoxide production by osteoblasts. Nitrite concentration in the media of HOS cell culture without cytokine stimulation was negligible and unaffected by ET-1 after 48hr treatment. Finally, after collection and concentration of conditioned media, gelatinase activity produced by HOS cells was determined by zymography. HOS cells can produce and secrete the gelatinase (gelatinase A type as determined by molecular weight of about 65,000) into culture media, however, ET-1 had no effect on the gelatinase activity. These findings suggest that ET-1 may have diverse effects on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, therefore, it may play an important role in bone metabolism.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.235-244
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• 2002

This study was carried out to determine the blood and milk progesterone by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) in cows. MUN and protein concentration were determined using automated infared procedures. The optimum conditions of ELISA system was investigated including the first and second antibody titres, bound percent, and enzyme conjugate and also the factors on MUN and protein concentration by sampling procedures and addition of preservatives. Progesterone antibodies did not react to pregnenlone, testosterone, estrone, estradiol-l7$\beta$, aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone and 11$\alpha$-dehydroxycortisone (DOC), but reacted with only progesterone. The intra and inter-assay coefficient of variation 4.5%, 6.1~9.4% when used of bovine serum. The morning, MUN concentration (17.6$\pm$2.8 mg/100 ml) in the 13 herds was similar to that of evening MUN concentration of the lactating cows from the same herd. A significant relationship between morning and evening milk samples of upper parameters was found r=0.93. Difference in MUN concentration with sampling procedures and using of preservatives were investigated.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.191-204
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• 1990

Trimethyltin (TMT) induced lesions in the rat hippocampal formation was reviewed. Adult rats were treated with a single dose of 6.0 mg TMT/kg b.w. and were sacrificed between 3-60 days following exposure. On the hippocampal formation, the granule cells of fascia dentata showed early changes which subsided considerably at a later time when the destruction of the pyramidal neurons of the Ammon's horn became increasingly pronounced with time, leading to severe destruction of the structure. It is interesting to note that there was an inverse relationship of pathological involvement between the f.d. granule cells and the Ammon's horn neurons; i.e., when there was a large sparing of the granule cells. there was an extensive damage to the Ammon's horn and vice versa. This inverse relationship was also true between the $CA_3$neurons and the $CA_{1,2}$neurons in the Ammon's horn. Progressive zinc loss, as demonstrated by Timm's method, on the Mossy fibers was also observed. Similar Mossy fiber zinc depletion has been demonstrated in electrical stimulatory excitation condition of the perforant path to the hippocampus. Depletion of corticosterone, an inhibitor to the hippocampal neurons, by means of adrenalectomy will exaggerate the TMT induced hippocampal lesion. Neonatal study revealed that a unique degenerative pattern of the Ammon's horn could be established in accordance with exposure to TMT at specific maturation periods of the fippocampal formation: increasing destruction of the Ammon's horn with increasing synaptogenesis between the f.d. granule cells and the Ammon's horn neurons. Thus it is apparent that the damage of the Ammon's horn, upon exposure to TMT, may depend on the integrity and functional state of the f.d. granule cells. A hyperexcitory scheme and mechanism as the toxicity basis of TMT in the hippocampal formation is proposed and discussed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.407-417
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• 1993

Bupleurum falcatum has been used for treatment of inflammation, jaundice, influenza and hepatitis as a traditional orient folk medicine. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of B falcatum extract on cellular immune responses in vivo and in vitro. Antigen binding cell(ABC) assay, antibody production, Arthus and delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH) reaction against sheep erythrocytes(SRBC) were very depressed in B falcatum extract treated group in vivo. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus in brain heart infusion(BHI) broth containing B falcatum extract was remarkably inhibited. Otherwise, that of Salmonella typhyimurium was not significantly increased in vitro. When B falcatum extract pretreated mice were intraperitoneally(IP) injected S typhimurium and S aureus, respectively, the number of bacteria in peritoneal exudates were time dependent declination compared with those of control, and the weight of spleen and the number of macrophage migration into peritoneal cavity have no difference from those of untreated control. B falcatum extract gradually increased phagocytic activities of peritoneal macrophage against Candida albicans time and dose dependently, and was not significant production of migration inhibiotory factor(MIF). But migration abilities of normal leucocytes in B falcatum extract pretreated group were decreased dose dependently. When B falcatum extract was IP administered, these data indicate that B falcatum extract increases level of serum coticosterone. Therefore, B falcatum extract was indirectly mediated in immune system by serum coticosterone having relation to immunosuppression. These results lead to the conclusion that B falcatum extract acts as a trigger or regulator of cellular immune responses in immune system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.708-720
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• 2012

In this study, we assessed the effects of ginsenoside Re (GRe) administration on repeated immobilization stress-induced behavioral alterations using the forced swimming test (FST), the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the active avoidance conditioning test (AAT). Additionally, we examined the effect of GRe on the central adrenergic system by observing changes in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the rat brain. Male rats received 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg GRe (i.p.) 30 min before daily exposures to repeated immobilization stress (2 h/day) for 10 days. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to repeated immobilization was confirmed by measuring serum levels of corticosterone (CORT) and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Repeated immobilization stress increased immobility in the FST and reduced open-arm exploration in the EPM test. It also increased the probability of escape failures in the AAT test, indicating a reduced avoidance response. Daily administration of GRe during the repeated immobilization stress period significantly inhibited the stress-induced behavioral deficits in these behavioral tests. Administration of GRe also significantly blocked the increase in TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) and the decrease in BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings indicate that administration of GRe prior to immobilization stress significantly improved helpless behaviors and cognitive impairment, possibly through modulating the central noradrenergic system in rats. These findings suggest that GRe may be a useful agent for treating complex symptoms of depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.