• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2015

River corridors facilitate dispersal and movement and prevent local extinction of species. As a result of stream restoration projects, which include installation of waterfront and flood control structures, the number of animals, which rely on river corridor, is decreasing. For the study, factors affecting fish assembly were extracted by a species distribution model with the fish data collected from the Seom River in Hoengseong County and City of Wonju, Ganwon Province, Korea between March to October 2013. The riparian connectivity was assessed using species richness and rarity. According to result of the field survey, there were 38 species and 7,061 individuals for fish. The analysis suggests the following. Firstly, factors affecting fish richness in species distribution model results are shown to be velocity, riffle, riparian width, and water width. The accuracy of the model proves to be suitable with the correlation coefficient of 0.83 and MAPE of 19.2%. Secondly, the low rarity area is shown to be straight streams in Jeon river near to Hongseong County and the high rarity area to be streams with large width, existing alluvial area at channel junction between Jeon river and Seom river. Thirdly, according to connectivity results, areas where weirs are installed or riparian buffer area is removed showed low connectivity. The areas where farmland near riparian and forest areas showed high connectivity. The results of this study can be utilized to improve current facilities and enhance connectivity as a restoration guide.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2018

Objective: This study was performed to validate the autonomous maximal smile (AMS) as a new reference for evaluating dental and gingival exposure. Methods: Digital video clips of 100 volunteers showing posed smiles and AMS at different verbal directives were recorded for evaluation a total of three times at 1-week intervals. Lip-teeth relationship width (LTRW) and buccal corridor width (BCW) were measured. LTRW represented the vertical distance between the inferior border of the upper vermilion and the edge of the maxillary central incisors. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for reproducibility, and the m-value (minimum number of repeated measurements required for an ICC level over 0.75), were calculated. Results: LTRW and BCW of the AMS were 1.41 and 2.04 mm, respectively, greater than those of the posed smile (p < 0.05), indicating significantly larger dental and gingival exposure in the AMS. The reproducibility of the AMS (0.74 to 0.77) was excellent, and higher than that of the posed smile (0.62 to 0.65), which had fair-to-good reproducibility. Moreover, the m-value of the AMS (0.88 to 1.05) was lower than that of the posed smile (1.59 to 1.85). Conclusions: Compared to the posed smile, the AMS shows significantly larger LTRW and BCW, with significantly higher reproducibility. The AMS might serve as an adjunctive reference, in addition to the posed smile, in orthodontic and other dentomaxillofacial treatments.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.147-152
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• 2018

Recently, as the demand for transmission of ultra-high quality media data such as UHD, AR, and VR increases, various technologies for this have been actively developed and IEEE 802.11ad standard have been commercialized. In this paper, a test bed is constructed to analyze the indoor wireless environment using the IEEE 802.11ad standard based on mmWave, and the experimental results of various indoor wireless environments are introduced and analyzed. We compared the data from the module by data transmission, such as signal to noise ratio(SNR) and throughput. And we measured the beam pattern and width of the module and compared the effects on the indoor environment of the corridor and the office. This shows that the signal reflection of the wall shows higher SNR values and is more suitable to use for indoor than outdoor. It is confirmed that the loss when not in line of sight(LoS) is not enough to compensate the wall reflected signal. As a result, it is judged to be suitable for the indoor use of the mmWave LAN and can be usefully used for further experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.83-92
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• 2019

This study aims to examine at the garden characteristics of salt merchant in Yangzhou, China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, I looked at the background of garden formation through the literature. In addition, analyzed the garden design method and components of salt merchants. The results were as follows; First, the Yangzhou area in the past has achieved cultural and economic development with the establishment of the ancient Grand Canal. Salt merchants accumulated wealth through trade, and created many gardens under the background of securing materials for create garden through trade, forming political forces through the cultivation of students, and inflow of foreign cultures. Second, salt merchants in Yangzhou asked garden experts to design and create the garden as a place for exchange and relaxation. Also, through the production of landscape changes using Gasan(假山) and a long corridor(長廊), clear classification of spaces using architectural elements, and the placement of buildings in scenic areas adjacent to the water, the gardens with practical and aesthetic functions were owned. Third, the gardens of Yangzhou Salt Merchants have a building-oriented commercial space on the front, and a garden-centered design characteristic on the back. The garden of the commercial zone was built in a simple form using pots, oddly shaped stone, bamboo and fence patterns in the remained space, focusing on the front of the building. The garden at the back formed a curved waterway connected to the canal is refracted across the garden. The garden also features piled stones(疊石), stone bridges and ship-shaped stone building(石舫). In addition, the design reflected the introduction of trees that take into account the climate and color contrast of Yangzhou province, pavement of various materials and patterns.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.95-116
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• 2011

It is a true fact that the ancient Buddhist temples of Korea were great, important historical influence revealing the transition and developing stages of all the BUddhist temples in Eastern Asia including China and Japan. Before Mahayana arose within India, the monastery and pagoda were united during the conflict and development of the original Buddhism and pagoda faith. With the arising of Mahayana and the introduction of Buddhist statues, the Buddhist temple and pagoda were in conflict and resulted in separation. With the creation and development of the Mahayana Bodhisattva concept, Hinayana and Mahayana started to show doctrine differences and expressed each others' characteristics relevant to the structure of the temple. As a result, the Buddhist Temple having 1 pagoda spread in China together with Hinayana and Mahayana. The Buddhist temple of Hinayana had its temple and pagoda separated and the Buddhist temple that has a pagoda in front was divided into a form of 1 pagoda and 1 main temple. The temple and pagoda for Mahayana in the form of 1 pagoda and 2 temple, where the main statue of the Buddha may be worshipped from both the left and right hand sides, were separated in the form of 1 pagoda and 3 temples to have its original form again. Mahayana was first introduced into Goguryeo through the routes in the northern region and developed from having 1 pagoda and 2 temples, to having 1 pagoda and 3 temples. China was influenced by the southern regions, which is why Abhidharma was introduced into Baekje. Later on, the importance of Bodhisattva increased and the transition speed of the Buddhist temple having 1 pagoda and 3 temples accelerated, as Buddhism became more popular and as Mahayana flourished. The statue of the Buddha on both sides of the pagoda shall gradually move next to the central temple, and the temple shall form large crowds to not only form a tacit boundary with the pagoda but the expansion of Bodhisattva shall also have a wall or a corridor constructed in between the central, left and right hand side temples to form separate areas, and shall have a pagoda built in front of the temples that worship from both sides. In conclusion, independence shall exist among each Bodhisattva within the Buddhist temple, and the status of the pagoda shall fall and appear as the pagoda on both sides in front of the main Buddha statue.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and is led to physical disability. Yet the development of effective disease-modifying treatments has lagged. In this study, I examined the effect of physical therapeutic intervention through microcurrent stimulation and attempt to find which degree of intensity, either 25 ${\mu}A$ or 500 ${\mu}A$ with a regular 5 pps pulse, is more effective in the osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced with a mixture of 2% carrageenan and 2% kaolin in 26 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The mixture (0.1 $m{\ell}$) was injected into the intra-articular capsule of knee joint once a week for three weeks. Five animals did not show degenerative changes by radiological findings and excluded in the following experiment. Osteoarthritic animals were randomly divided into 3 groups ($n_1$, $n_2$, $n_3$=7/each): untreated, treated with 25 ${\mu}A$, treated with 500 ${\mu}A$. All experimental groups received microcurrent stimulation for four weeks (15 min/day, 5 days/week). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis on the walking corridor was accomplished every week. Histological preparations and immunohistochemical staining with insulin-like growth factor-1 were also done in the articular cartilages. All of these parameters were compared with those of osteoarthritic control group (n=7). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis revealed that changes of walking track (paw width) and stride length was significantly increased in both experimental groups. The better results were observed in experimental group treated with 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity without significance than group treated with 500 ${\mu}A$. Histological preparations disclosed that routine hyaline cartilage of articular surface were altered to fibrous cartilage in untreated group and experimental group treated with 500 ${\mu}A$ intensity. But a little changes were seen in experimental group treated with 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity. Immunolocalization of insulin-like growth factor-1 was simultaneously decreased according to the duration of osteoarthritis, and did not show significant difference among the groups. In this study discovered that the microcurrent stimulation, especially 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity, had a positive effect by the ethological inspection, histological and immunohistochemical stainings. These results suggest that microcurrent stimulation with low-intensity might be effective in the promotion of healing process for the osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.333-350
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• 1999

Today freeway is thought to be a very important transportation facility carrying tremendous traffic flow as the main corridor within the area of between the areas. However freeway is experiencing severe congestion and accidents by increased entrance ramp flow especially at peak time period. Ramp meters on the freeway entrance ramps that supply traffic to the freeway in a measured or appropriately regulated amount are needed for alleviating freeway congestion. Because ramp meters can be operated to discharge traffic at a measured or regulated rate thus maintaining more uniform speed on the mainline section maximizing the throughput to the freeway within the capacity of a downstream bottleneck and reducing the congestion related accidents. Thus the objectives in this study were to analyze the traffic characteristics on the freeway I-94 with ramp metering system before/after ITS technology in Detroit (Michigan) area compare shifts of the traffic characteristics on the freeway I-94 before/after ITS technology and finally suggest a better ramp metering strategy for the freeway system The following results were obtained: i)Flow occupancies and speeds on the mainline merge section of freeway were shown to be a big difference depending on the peak periods areas and directions based on the distribution of traffic flow characteristics on the freeway. ii)Reduced speed was shown to be more than 5 mph and ramp flow was also shown to be more than 240 vph at peak periods if there was the ramp metering system constructed on the freeway. iii)Ramp metering system was shown to be optimally operated on the freeway if ramp flow could be maximized within the range of over 900 vph and reduced occupancy could be also maximized by no more than 2 percent at peak periods. iv)The average flows on the freeway after the ITS technology were shown to be a decrease of over 20% depending on the peak periods areas and directions when compared with those flow on the freeway before the ITS technology. over 20% depending on the peak periods areas and directions when compared with those speeds on the freeway before the ITS technology. vi)The average metering rates on the freeway after the ITS technology were shown to be an increase of over 10% depending on the peak periods areas and directions when compared with those metering rates on the freeway before the ITS technology.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.114-121
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• 2009

The number of the disabled is increasing every year. Growing interest in social welfare, but still the disabled person in places is restricted on the activities are due to obstacles. This study proposes an improvement direction through an research and analysis of installation status of convenient facilities in social welfare halls was planned after that the law of increase of convenience for the disabled person is enforced in 1998. This study analyzed nine social welfare halls of seoul including Yongsan-gu(GW), Guro-gu(GD, HW), Yeongdeungpo-gu(SG), Seodaemun-gu(SD), Dobong-gu(DB), Nowon-gu(NS), Seongbuk-gu(WG) and Dongdaemun-gu(JG). The evaluation criteria for the installation of convenient facilities for the disabled person in each social welfare hall based on the law of increase of convenience for the disabled person, and referred to other data. Also, review the criteria for the installation of convenient facilities, and grasp the present situation through the survey of convenient facilities in social welfare halls, and provides the installation standards of convenient facilities. The result are as followings. There were many problems to be improved in approach of the intermediate space, parking lot, entrance of the inside space and corridor that must be installed for the convenience of the disabled. In the intermediate space, the slope of the ramp, curb, induction handle etc. for a safety must be installed. Parking spaces for the disabled must be located closest to the main entrance, an induction marker or the handle, and the attachment of a directional sign etc. must be improved. In the inside space, it is convenient for the disabled person use to install an automatic door and swing door simultaneously at the main entrance. And, the height of the door handle, an induction block, a braille display panels of the appropriate height in the entrance, a braille display in start and end of the stairs handle, the handle of the side wall, the stairs to prevent slippage etc. must be improved in the corridors. The case of the sanitation which is a recommendation item is equipped formally with disabled toilets are difficult to use. Information and other convenience facilities for the disabled person in all the social welfare halls were not considered.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.836-841
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• 2016

An indoor positioning system using Wi-Fi is essential to produce a radio map that combines the indoor space of two or more dimensions, the information of node positions, and etc. in processing for constructing the radio map, the measurement of the received signal strength indicator(RSSI) and the confirmation of node placement information counsume substantial time. Especially, when the installed wireless environment is changed or a new space is created, easy installation of the node and fast indoor radio mapping are needed to provide indoor location-based services. In this paper, to reduce the time consumption, we propose an algorithm to distinguish the straight and curve lines of a corridor section by RSSI visualization and Sobel filter-based edge detection that enable accurate node deployment and space analysis using cable-type Wi-Fi node installed at a 3 m interval. Because the cable type Wi-Fi is connected by a same power line, it has an advantage that the installation order of nodes at regular intervals could be confirmed accurately. To be able to analyze specific sections in space based on this advantage, the distribution of the signal was confirmed and analyzed by Sobel filter based edge detection and total RSSI distribution(TRD) computation through a visualization process based on the measured RSSI. As a result to compare the raw data with the performance of the proposed algorithm, the signal intensity of proposed algorithm is improved by 13.73 % in the curve section. Besides, the characteristics of the straight and the curve line were enhanced as the signal intensity of the straight line decreased by an average of 34.16 %.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.763-771
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• 2010

The rapid increase of wildlife passage installation since the late 2000s was aimed to reduce roadkill caused by habitat fragmentation and losses related to road construction, but wildlife-vehicle collisions are now still occurred even near the wildlife passage area. This is the reason that the effectiveness of wildlife passage have not been evaluated in combination with absence of monitoring data and management strategy of the wildlife passage. The AHP method are used, in this study, to identify the evaluation factors affecting the effectiveness of the present 367 wildlife passages in a mitigation measures to reduce road effects on wildlife species. Ten evaluation factors are derived from third levels in the AHP analysis. Priority setting to identify appropriate management strategies in first level is selected among four second levels on facility, environment, wildlife species and management tool. The AHP analysis suggested that neighboring environments are the most important factor at the second level, and passage structure, harmony with natural surroundings, wildlife occurrence and monitoring of the passage are also important factors at the third levels. In summary, effective measurements of wildlife passage management is based on managing the passage with neighboring topography and natural surrounding. This is useful to establish wildlife passage management strategy in order to reduce the negative effects of roads on wildlife species.