• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.233-252
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• 2018

The first Protestant medical missionary, Horace Allen, came to Korea in 1884 and built the first western-style hospital, Jaejungwon. John Heron, Oliver Avison and other foreign medical doctors soon followed. They established hospitals and medical schools, and, by treating patients and educating native doctors, they disseminated and developed modern medicine in Korea. At the same time, they wrote letters and reports to their sponsoring agencies, as well as family and friends, thereby leaving a vast body of literature that is scattered all over the world. Since the end of the 19th century, the records left by foreign medical missionaries have been valuable resources for the study of Korean history. While all types of records, such as diaries, memoirs, reports and travel logs, are available, these tend to be exaggerated or unverifiable because they are unilateral records. In contrast, letters can be verified because they are bilateral records between the recipient and the sender, and cannot be modified or altered according to changes in circumstances. Despite the academic value of these materials, however, there have been insufficient efforts to discover or identify these primary data sources, or to systematically organize them for scholars. This paper identified 49 archival collections from 29 institutions in North America. After analyzing their academic value, the paper will explore digital humanities options in utilizing the letters for future scholarship.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.935-946
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• 2016

In this paper, we analyzed wage determinants of the vocational high school graduates utilizing both individual-level and work region-level variables. We formulate the models in the way wage determination has multi-level structure in the sense that individual wage is influenced by individual-level variables (level-1) and work region-level (level-2) variables. To incorporate dependency between individual wages into the model, we utilize hierarchical linear model (HLM). The major results are as follows. First, it is shown that the HLM model is better than the OLS regression models which do not take level-1 and level-2 variables simultaneously into account. Second, random effects on sex, maester dummy and engineering dummy variables are statistically significant. Third, the fixed effects on business hours and mean wage of regular job for level-2 variables are statistically significant effect individual-level wages. Finally, parental education level, parental income, number of licenses and high school grade are statistically significant for higher individual-level wages.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide sex-matched three-dimensional (3D) statistical shape models of the mandible, which would provide cephalometric parameters for 3D treatment planning and cephalometric measurements in orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods: The subjects used to create the 3D shape models of the mandible included 23 males and 23 females. The mandibles were segmented semi-automatically from 3D facial CT images. Each individual mandible shape was reconstructed as a 3D surface model, which was parameterized to establish correspondence between different individual surfaces. The principal component analysis (PCA) applied to all mandible shapes produced a mean model and characteristic models of variation. The cephalometric parameters were measured directly from the mean models to evaluate the 3D shape models. The means of the measured parameters were compared with those from other conventional studies. The male and female 3D statistical mean models were developed from 23 individual mandibles, respectively. Results: The male and female characteristic shapes of variation produced by PCA showed a large variability included in the individual mandibles. The cephalometric measurements from the developed models were very close to those from some conventional studies. Conclusion: We described the construction of 3D mandibular shape models and presented the application of the 3D mandibular template in cephalometric measurements. Optimal reference models determined from variations produced by PCA could be used for craniofacial patients with various types of skeletal shape.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

Previous studies have confirmed that /o/ and /u/ in Seoul Korean are undergoing a merger in the F1/F2 space, especially for female speakers. As a substitute parameter for formants, it is reported that female speakers use phonation (H1-H2) differences to distinguish /o/ from /u/. This study aimed to explore whether H1-H2 values are being used as perceptual cues for /o/-/u/. A perception test was conducted with 35 college students using /o/ and /u/ spoken by 41 females, which overlap considerably in the vowel space. An acoustic analysis of 182 stimuli was also conducted to see if there is any correspondence between production and perception. The identification rate was 89% on average, 86% for /o/, and 91% for /u/. The results confirmed that when /o/ and /u/ cannot be distinguished in the F1/F2 space because they are too close, H1-H2 differences contribute significantly to the separation of the two vowels. However, in perception, this was not the case. H1-H2 values were not significantly involved in the identification process, and the formants (especially F2) were still dominant cues. The study also showed that even though H1-H2 differences are apparent in females' production, males do not use H1-H2 in their production, and both females and males do not use H1-H2 in their perception. It is presumed that H1-H2 has not yet been developed as a perceptual cue for /o/ and /u/.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.9-18
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to evaluate an accurate biotope area ratio model with efficiency and convenience of database management through promoting sustainable development to provide people amenities in a new town. In particular, the biotope area ratio is used not only in the environment impact assessment but Green building certification criteria. But now there is no any index map of biotope. So it is very hard to implement with data for supplement results. In this research, we suggest the model of integrated attributable information. The evaluation of biotope area ratio is to include a basic land use planning map and a building coverage area which is a wall of greening surface and roof. In case of non building coverage area, the evaluation of biotope area ratio is to include water space, artificial ground, natural ground and pervious gap-pave. A weighted value on the spatial information is combined into the information. And then the merged one is given a land use planning information in a block. In the weighted value on the space type information, it is possible to in its circumstances. Therefore, it can be substituted a correspondence of numerical change for various values elastically in this model.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.13
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• pp.107-132
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• 2000

The entry of large discount stores such as E-mart, LG mart, Magnet etc. into small cities have had a profound impact on the business of small-sized retailers. Now, it becomes the matter of survival for small-sized retailers and it is almost impossible to reverse those trends. Without satisfying consumers' various needs and wants, retailers can not survive. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand retail competition from the perspective of consumers in order for retailers to survive in the turbulent environment. The previous research studies on retail competition have focused on the comparison among different types of retailers with respect to strategic retail mix variables. However, they do not consider the competitive aspects of consumers' sides. In addition, we do not fully understand the meaning of "shopping." Shopping means hedonic shopping as well as utilitarian shopping. Utilitarian aspects are important but consumers also prefer' hedonic aspects too. That is the reason that traditional retailers such as small-sized retailers can not compete with modem and large retailers. We use three different methods to identify the macro and competitive structure. of retailing with respect to shopping. Factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and multiple correspondence analysis are used to produce perceptual mapping of retail competition. Department store and large discount store are identified as close competitors but both might have an indirect impact on small-sized retailers through demand shift toward high end retailers.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.680-707
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• 2010

In order to investigate vertical plant distribution on Jungsanri of Mt. Jirisan by temperature change, vascular plants of fourteen areas with 100-meter-high difference were surveyed from the Jungsan bridge(348 m alt.) to the Jangteumog(1653 m alt.). A total of 440 taxa belonging to 104 families, 287 genera, 385 species, 7 subspecies, 42 varieties, and 6 forma were vegetated on survey areas. Around 700 m high did species diversity of vascular plants decrease rapidly, but foreign species were not found. The Detrended correspondence analysis(DCA) divided distribution of vascular plants into five groups; areas below 500m alt., 500~600m alt., 600~1000m alt., 1000~1200m alt., and areas above 1200m alt.. These results showed that vegetation of vascular plants on investigated areas has high correlation with climate elements of temperature. Vascular plants should be crowded within their own optimal ranges of vegetation. Climate change would result in shift of these distribution ranges, and thus vegetation shift will be happened accordingly.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.75-88
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• 2020

There are stone sculptures diversely shaped in several parts of Gyeongbokgung. Geunjeongjeon is a place where the stone sculptures are intensively placed among the various palace buildings of Gyeongbokgung, and it is more important because it contains the phases of the age of the dynasty and the symbolism of governing philosophy. What can be seen in the structure of auspicious animal sculptures is based on the form of instinctive thought that the heavenly and human order systems are in an organic correspondence with each other, especially with regard to astronomical events such as Samwon Sasin 12jisin 28su. The parts that have been interpreted only in Sasin and 12jisin in the interpretations such as wild dogs, Gyoryong, camels, wolves, and apes were able to clarify the contents by revealing the form of 28su. In particular, as Beopsu Ssangbeopsu at the corner may be related to the guardian deity who governs water, called Yimun, Chimi, and Chimun, it is one of Bibo's ways to protect the palace that was vulnerable to fire. In addition, the shape of the existing 28su placed Dambi, but Ha Woldae at the Geunjeongjeon was assumed to have a camel statue and a planned arrangement of double meaning with the Bibo form of Pungsu Sasinsa, and it is also a feature of the arrangement of Woldae at the Geunjeongjeon. The actual composition of auspicious animals at the Nambogye of Geunjeongjeon was in the order of Haechi, wild dogs, horses and Jujak, and the contents of "Gyeongbokgung Construction Daily Record" were in the order of Haechi, horses, wild dogs, and Jujak. As to different composition layouts, based on the contents of the "Gyeongbok palace Construction Daily Record", the composition of Samjae Cheonjiin (天地人) was interpreted differently from the conventional interpretation of the arrangement of Woldae. All of these forms are associated with defense systems in the four directions and have become animal representations of each direction. The auspicious animal statues placed on the railing of Geunjeongjeon Woldae can be seen as reflected in a single building with the three dimensional personality that includes Pungsu's Bibo personality with the symbolic meaning that reveals the centrality as Jeong Jeon, the nation's best politics let alone the ideological system of the ancient astronomical of the East called Men Heaven Unity.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.171-197
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• 2007

This study attempts to explore and describe the public's image on social welfare professionals in the comparison with other helping professionals. Using a sample (n=1,156) collected from high school students, college students, and citizens, this study comparatively examines the public's image on five helping professionals such as social welfare professionals, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, and pastoral counselors. In measuring the public's image, this study uses a semantic differential scale that is composed of 16 pairs of adjective words. In overall, among five helping professionals, social welfare professionals is the most positively recognized; thus, its total score is the highest. By using correspondence analysis, social welfare professionals belong to the second quadrant that includes "practical" and "comfortable". As have discussed in the previous research, however, the analysis reveals that social welfare professionals' expertise is not highly evaluated. On the other hand, ANOVA shows that unlike statistically significant differences between social welfare professionals and other helping professionals, there is no statistically significant difference between social welfare professionals and clinical psychologists. Finally, MANOVA shows that except for gender social demographic variables do not make any differences in the public's image on social welfare professionals. In conclusion, this study discusses diverse directions and measures to strengthen social welfare professionals' competencies including expertise and promote the public's image social welfare professionals.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2003

An analysis of tree ring series of a lace-bark pine (Pinus bungeana Zuccarini) was carried out to find out the exact age of the tree, to describe life history of the tree affected by the change of past environmental factors, and to explain the relationships between the growth fluctuation of the tree and the change of environmental factors of the past. This study explicitly showed that the tree was about 300 years old in 1992 and that the previous estimate of the age to be about 630 years old has no ground to be justified. This was also ascertained by the close correspondence of the tree growth fluctuation to the fluctuation of soil moisture related environmental factors for the last 80 years in Seoul. Although it is clear that the tree suffered from slow growth for about 30 years initiating from the 1910s, it is not sure whether the soil moisture deficits or droughts during the years of 1910-1913 played a major role in causing the decline of the trees afterwards. Discussion was further extended for defining active roles for the Cultural Properties Administration of Korea in management and research to effectively protect the Old and Big Trees under the category of Natural Monument of Korea.