• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.466-479
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to examine the level of physical activity and influencing factors in female college students. Method: Cross-sectional survey data including physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, social influences on physical activity, and perceived health status were collected from 213 subjects. Data from 204 subjects were analyzed. Results: The mean level of physical activity was 2,750.97 MET-min/week. Physical activity showed a positive association with exercise self-efficacy as well as social influences, and a negative association with age. Stepwise multiple regressions showed that physical activity among female college students was predicted by type of leisure activity, relative health status, social influences, and age. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a program for improvement of physical activity in female college students should include interesting and dynamic leisure activities and strategies for performing together with friends should be developed.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.221-229
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• 2016

Purpose: Dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) can contribute to cancer development by leading to abnormal proliferation of cells, apoptosis, and differentiation. Although several miRNAs that are related to gastric cancer have been identified, the reported results have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine miRNA expression profiles and validate miRNAs up- and down-regulated in gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 34 primary gastric cancer tissues and paired adjacent nontumorous gastric tissues. Total RNA was extracted, and low-molecular-weight RNAs (<200 nucleotides) were isolated for further analysis. Two pairs of tissues were processed for GeneChip microarray analysis, and the identified up- and down-regulated miRNAs were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: In the set of differentially expressed miRNAs, 5 were overexpressed by more than 2 fold, and 5 were reduced by 2 fold or less in gastric cancer tissues compared with normal gastric tissues. Four of these miRNAs (miR-196b-5p, miR-375, miR-483-5p, and miR-486-5p) were then validated by qPCR, and the relative expression levels of 2 miRNAs (miR-196b-5p and miR-375) were significantly different between cancer and normal tissues. Conclusions: Our results revealed that the expression of miR-196b-5p and miR-375 significantly correlates with gastric cancer. These miRNAs could therefore serve as diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup3
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• pp.81-85
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• 2016

Globally, the burden of breast cancer (BC) continues to increase. BC related lymphedema (BCRL) is currently non curable and as a life time risk it affects at least 25% of BC patients. Knowing more about BCRL and appropriate control of its modifiable risk factors can improve quality of life (QOL) of the affected patients. In this case control study to detect factors, 400 women with BCRL (as the case group) and 283 patients with BC without lymphedema (as the control group) that were referred to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated BC clinic center were assessed. The data were analyzed in SPSS. The mean age of the case group was $52.3{\pm}11.0years$ and of the control group was $50.1{\pm}10.9years$. In patients with BCRL, 203(50.7%) had left (Lt) side BC and in non- lymphedema group 151 (53.3%) had Lt side BC. Out of all BCRL patients, 204 (51%) had lymphedema in all parts of their affected upper extremities, 100 (25%) had swelling in the arm and forearm and 23 (5.7%) had edema in both the upper extremity and trunk. Edema, heaviness, concern about changing body image, pain and paresthesia were the most common signs/symptoms among patients with BCRL. In BCRL patients, the difference of circumference between the affected upper limb and non-affected limb was $4.4{\pm}2.5cm$ and the difference in volume displacement was $528.7{\pm}374.4milliliters$. Multiple variable analysis showed that moderate to severe activity (OR; odds ratio =14, 95% CI :2.6-73.3), invasiveness of BC (OR =13.7, 95% CI :7.3-25.6), modified radical mastectomy (OR=4.3, 95% CI :2.3-7.9), BMI =>25 (OR=4.2, 95% CI :2-8.7), radiotherapy (OR=3.9, 95% CI :1.8-8.2), past history of limb damage (OR=1.7, 95% CI :0.9-3.1) and the number of excised lymph nodes (OR=1.06, 95% CI :1.02-1.09) were the significant predictors of lymphedema in women with BC. Modifiable risk factors of BCRL such as non-guided moderate to severe physical activity, high BMI and trauma to the limb should be controlled as early as possible in BC patients to prevent development of BCRL and improve QOL of these patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.999-1003
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• 2014

Objective: To validate the relationship between MACC1 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2, 6 bisphosphatase (PFKFB2) expression as well as its clinicopathological features and prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: By using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the MACC1 and PFKFB2 protein expression in 60 pairs of hepatocellular carcinoma and corresponding non-tumor tissues. Using the Mann-Whitney U test, the Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Cox proportional hazard regression analysis and Spearman analysis, we studied the relationship between MACC1 and PFKFB2 protein expression and postoperative overall survival (OS) of the HCC patients. Results: MACC1 and PFKFB2 positive staining rates were significantly higher in hepatocellular carcinoma than in the corresponding nontumor tissues (P=0.012 and 0.04, respectively). The clinicopathological features evaluation revealed that positive expression of MACC1 was associated with a high Edmondson classification (P=0.007) and advanced TNM stage (P=0.027). Similar findings were evident for PFKFB2 expression (P=0.002 and P=0.027). MACC1 and PFKFB2 positive expression was associated with a lower OS rate (P=0.004 and 0.03, respectively). Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses revealed MACC1 positive expression to be a prognostic factor for postoperative OS, but PFKFB was not. Conclusion: Highly expressed MACC1 and PFKFB2 protein were associated with TNM stage, Edmondson-Steier classification and overall survival. MACC1 may affect tumor metabolism partly through expression and phophorylation of PFKFB2.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.476-483
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• 2016

Epicardial adipose tissue(EAT) is metabolically active endocrine organ that secretes several hormones in fat thickness is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. This study was to measure and then using ultrasound epicardial adipose tissue thickness, abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness in the target group correlates and general blood properties and characteristics, and presents a local thickness for prediction of metabolic disorders. Results epicardal adipose tissue of the average thickness measured in each of the subjects was 8.890mm, 4.783mm, 4.777, 6.147mm in each section. Showed the epicardial adipose tissue in correlation with the average thickness of the risk factors age, BMI, SBP, LDH, LDL, TC is a positive correlation relationship(p<0.05) in each section. In particular, the thickness of the metabolic disorders epicardial adipose tissue thickness, abdominal subcutaneous compared to subjects that do not have the risk subjects with a risk factor for fat significantly higher(p<0.05). It showed the most reliable that can be cut-off value of 8.950mm obtained with 66.7 % sensitivity and 80 % specificity for predicting the risk of metabolic disorders.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5527-5531
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• 2013

Background and Aim: Increasing evidence correlates the presence of systemic inflammation with poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with advanced HCC who received sorafenib monotherapy. Methods: A total of sixty-five patients with advanced HCC, not eligible for locoregional therapy, treated with sorafenib were enrolled. Potential prognostic factors such as age, gender, tumoral characteristics, performance status and NLR were analyzed. Results: Median OS and TTP for the entire cohort were 10.0 months (95%CI, 7.6-12.3 months) and 4.5 months (95% CI, 4.0-4.9 months). The mean NLR at baseline was 2.89. The median OS of patients with a high NLR (>4) was 6.5 months (95%CI, 5.2-7.7 months) compared with 12.5 months (95%CI, 9.9-15.0) for patients with a normal NLR (${\leq}4$) (P=0.01). Age ${\leq}65$, NLR>4, extrahepatic metastases and vascular invasion were all predictors of poorer overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that NLR > 4, vascular invasion and extrahepatic metastases were independent predictors of poorer overall survival. The median TTP of patients with a high NLR was 2.5 months (95%CI, 1.4-3.6 months) compared with 4.5 months (95%CI, 3.9-5.1 months) for patients with a normal NLR (P=0.012). Conclusions: High baseline NLR was associated with worse OS and TTP for patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.421-428
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• 2016

In this work, pozzolanic activities of various waste materials were compared with those of well-known by-product pozzolanic materials. Undensified and densified silica fume, ASTM class F and class C fly ash, and metakaolin were chosen as well-known pozzolanic materials, and bentonite powder, ceramic powder obtained from wash basin, and waste glass wool, which can possibly possess pozzolanic property, were chosen for comparison. Drop in electrical conductivity at $40^{\circ}C$ saturated lime solution was measured for each materials. The amount of Ca(OH)2 decomposed from cement paste at $450{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ was also measured to evaluate pozzolanic activity. The 28 day compressive strength were used to observe the mechanical property enhanced by incorporation of various waste materials. According to the experimental results, using "difference between maximum conductivity value and conductivity value at 4 hour" was found to be a reasonable approach to determine pozzolanic activity of a material. Pozzolanic activity measured using electrical conductivity correlates very well with that measured using the amount of Ca(OH)2 remained in the cement paste. Relatively good agreement was also found with electrical conductivity and 28 day compressive strength. It was found that electrical conductivity measurement can be used to evaluate pozzolanic activity of unknown materials.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.537-544
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• 2020

Beef consumption trends are changing according to consumer needs and preferences. This study was conducted to collect the fundamental information by investigating the consumer's preference and purchase propensity of beef(Hanwoo beef) for improvement of Korean beef grading system. Consumers were recruited from Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and 5 metropolitan cities, and surveyed from July 24 ~ August 14, 2017. The data obtained from 362 consumers were finally selected for the verification process. Results from the Hierarchical Regression Analysis reveal that the increased purchasing frequency is positively correlated with the following factors, in the consumer group showing preference in the Quality Grade (QG) of beef: marbling type 1QG, fat color 1⁺QG, and income, grade opinion, marbling contents and type 1⁺⁺QG. Conversely, no factor affected the increased purchasing frequency in the consumer group having no preferred QG for beef (p>0.05). Our study determined significant differences in the factors affecting increased purchase frequency of beef among the different groups, classified depending on their preferred QG. The grading system is important since it directly correlates with profit for livestock farmers and the industry. We therefore propose that the grading criteria need to be revised reasonably but scientifically, considering various opinions of the producers and consumers.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.91-107
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• 2014

The syllable frequency effect is defined as the inhibitory effect that words starting with high frequency syllable generate a longer lexical decision latency and a larger error rate than words starting with low frequency syllable do. Researchers agree that the reason of the inhibitory effect is the interference from syllable neighbors sharing a target's first syllable at the lexical level and the degree of the interference effect correlates with the number of syllable neighbors or stronger syllable neighbors which have a higher word frequency. However, although the syllable frequency can be classified as the syllable type and token frequency, previous studies in visual word recognition have used the syllable frequency without the classification. Recently Conrad, Carreiras, & Jacobs (2008) demonstrated that the syllable type frequency might reflect a sub-lexical processing level including matching from letters to syllables and the syllable token frequency might reflect competitions between a target and higher frequency words of syllable neighbors in the whole word lexical processing level. Therefore, the present study investigated their proposals using word naming tasks. Generally word naming tasks are more sensitive to sub-lexical processing. Thus, the present study expected a facilitative effect of high syllable type frequency and a null effect of high syllable token frequency. In Experiment 1, words starting with high syllable type frequency generated a faster naming latency than words starting with low syllable type frequency with holding syllable token frequency of them. In Experiment 2, high syllable token frequency also created a shorter naming time than low syllable token frequency with holding their syllable type frequency. For that reason, we rejected the propose of Conrad et al. and suggested that both type and token syllable frequency could relate to the sub-lexical processing.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.279-288
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• 1999

The creep of concrete structures caused by variable stresses is generally calculated by step-by-step method based on the superposition of creep function. Although most practical application is carried out by this linear assumption. significant deviations between predictions and experiments have been observed when unloading takes place, that is. stress is reduced. This shows that the superposition of creep function does not describe accurately the effect of sustained compressive preload. The main purpose of this study is to propose a creep analysis model which is expressed with both creep function and creep recovery function where increase or decrease of stress is repeated. In these two function method, the creep behavior is modelled by using linear creep law for loading and creep recovery law for unloading. To apply two function method to time analysis of concrete structures, the calculation method of creep strain increment under varying stress is proposed. The calculation results based on the present method correlates very well with test data, but the conventional superposition method exhibits large deviation from test results. This paper provides a more accurate method for the time dependent analysis of concrete structures subjected to varying stress, i.e. increasing or decreasing stress. The present method may be efficiently employed in the revision of future concrete codes.