• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 2012

For the development of gas hydrate as new future energy resources, the drilling was carried out at the five locations where have high potential as gas hydrate bearing sediments in Ulleung basin, offshore Korea in 2007. Well log data were obtained from all wells and core data were procured from 3 wells, UBGH1-04, UBGH1-09 and UBGH1-10. In this study, user-friendly software, "KMU GH Logs 2010", is developed and this software is based on the estimation methods developed in previous study for gas hydrate bearing sediments and the properties estimated from UBGH1-04, UBGH1-09 and UBGH1-10. Petrophysical properties in un-cored wells, UBGH1-01 and UBGH1-14, are also estimated by using well log data. Porosity is estimated by density log and gas hydrate saturation is calculated by sonic log and resistivity log. Sedimentary facies are estimated by applying the linear discriminant analysis using both well log and sedimentary facies data from core analysis. It is confirmed that DITM facies and MSS facies appeared signs of gas hydrate disassociation are able to be distinguished by the method.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2004

The annealing-temperature dependence of magnetic properties in compressed powder cores being composed of ball-milled F $e_{73.5}$C $u_1$N $b_3$S $i_{15.5}$ $B_{7}$ alloy powders (size 250∼850${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and 5 wt% of ceramic insulators has been investigated. When annealed at 5$50^{\circ}C$ for 1 h and so transformed to $\alpha$-Fe phase nanocrystalline structure with the grain size of 11 nm (electrical resistivity : 110 $\mu$Ω$.$cm), the highest effective permeability of 125 and quality factor of 53 were obtained, and the permeability persisted up to about 500 KHz. Further the core loss measured at the frequency of 50 KHz and the induction amplitude of 0.1 T was very low (230 mW/㎤). However the dc bias characteristics was not satisfactory as compared to that of conventional powder core materials(MPP, Sendust etc.). The inferior dc bias property of F $e_{73.5}$C $u_1$N $b_3$S $i_{15.5}$ $B_{7}$ alloy powder cores was attributed to the fact that the size of powder was too large for obtaining the same permeability with that of conventional materials.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 1995

The magnetic properties of an $Fe_{87}Zr_{7}B_{5}Ag_{1}$(at.%) amorphous alloy have been investigated as a function of annealing temperatures to clarify its application potential as a core material for high-frequency use by adding a small amount of insoluble element of Ag. A new excellent soft magnetic material was developed. The amorphous alloy produced by relatively low temperature annealing at $T_{a}=400^{\circ}C$ exhibited very high initial permeability$(\mu_{i})$ of 288,000 at 1kHz and 2mOe, very low coercivity$(H_{c})$ of 15mOe and low core loss$(W_{c})$ of 50W/kg at 100kHz and 1,000G which is comparable with Co-based amorphous alloys, respectively. It is notable that the values obtained in the present study are the best magnetic properties among various kinds of Fe-based soft amorphous materials reported up to date. The reasons for the achievement of good soft magnetic properties are presumably due to the homogeneous formation of very fine $\alpha$-Fe clusters with the size of 2~3nm in an amorphous matrix, which can be deduced from the increase of resistivity and the TEM observation. The very fine $\alpha$-Fe clusters embedded in an amorphous matrix had a great influence on reduction of magnetostriction and refinement of magnetic domain.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.106-106
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• 2010

오일샌드는 비투멘(bitumen), 물, 점토, 모래의 혼합체로 이루어진 비재래형 탄화수소 자원으로 세계적인 고유가 시대에 큰 관심을 받고 있는 석유자원 중 하나이다. 오일샌드는 대부분이 캐나다 앨버타주에 분포하고 있으며 주요 저류층으로는 아스바스카(Athabasca), 콜드레이크(Cold Lake) 지역의 멕머레이층(McMurray Formation), 클리어워터층(Clearwater Formation), 그랜드래피드층(Grand Rapid Formation)과 피스리버(Peace River) 지역의 블루스카이층(Bluesky Formation), 게팅층(Gathing Formation)이 있다. 오일샌드 저류층은 고생대 탄산염 기반암 위에 하성-에스츄어리에 이르는 다양한 퇴적환경에서 형성되어 매우 복잡한 지질특성이 나타난다. 오일샌드 저류층의 효율적인 개발을 위해서는 저류층의 복잡한 지질학적 특성의 이해가 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구에서 캐나다 오일샌드 시추코어 분석 DB, 물리검층 자료, 현장 및 현생 시추코어를 통하여 오일샌드 저류층의 지질특성화 정보의 도출을 시도하였다. 우선 캐나다 앨버타 전역에 분포하는 시추공의 기본 정보(표고, 위경도, 층서별 최상부 심도, 생산광구명, 광구개발업체)를 제공하는 AccuMap DB 프로그램을 이용하여 광역적인 오일샌드 저류층의 분포 특성을 이해하고자 주요층서에 대한 고지형도 및 층후도를 생산광구별로 도면화하여 분석하였다. 또한 캐나다 ENCANA사와 국제공동연구의 일환으로 확보된 크리스티나 레이크(Christina Lake)광구의 현장 시추코어를 이용하여 코어의 상세기재, 비파괴 물성측정, 입도/비투멘 함유량 분석과 같은 다양한 실내 시추코어분석 실험을 수행 중이다. 비파괴 물성측정은 현장 시추코어의 물리적/화학적 특성을 파악하고자 MSCL(Multi sensor core logger)과 XRF 코어 스캐너(X-ray fluorescence core scaner)를 통해 이루어지며, 분석결과로 시추코어의 감마밀도(gamma density), P파 속도(P-wave velocity), 전기비저항(resistivity), 대자율(magnetic susceptibility) 및 색지수의 물성과 정량적 화학조성을 측정한다. 현장 시추코어의 일부는 유기용매를 이용하여 퇴적물 내의 비투멘을 완전히 추출하고 퇴적물 입도와 저류층 비투멘 함유량 측정에 이용되었다. 현장 시료 분석 결과들은 물리검층 자료와 대비를 통하여 저류층의 지질특성을 규명하는 연구에 이용될 예정이다. 마지막으로 오일샌드의 현생 유사 퇴적환경으로 알려진 서해 경기만 조간대에서 시추코어 퇴적물을 획득하여 상세 기재하였으며, 이를 통해 오일샌드 저류층의 퇴적 모델을 제시하고자 퇴적층서 연구를 진행 중이다. 향후 오일샌드 관련 시추코어의 분석 결과들이 종합되면 기존 보다 비투멘 회수효율을 향상시킬 수 있는 정밀한 오일샌드 저류층 지질모델을 수립할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.140-140
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• 2018

The 3D interconnect technologies have been appeared, as the density of Integrated Circuit (IC) devices increases. Through Silicon Via (TSV) process is an important technology in the 3D interconnect technologies. And the process is used to form a vertically electrical connection through silicon dies. This TSV process has some advantages that short length of interconnection, high interconnection density, low electrical resistance, and low power consumption. Because of these advantages, TSVs could improve the device performance higher. The fabrication process of TSV has several steps such as TSV etching, insulator deposition, seed layer deposition, metallization, planarization, and assembly. Among them, TSV metallization (i.e. TSV filling) was core process in the fabrication process of TSV because TSV metallization determines the performance and reliability of the TSV interconnect. TSVs were commonly filled with metals by using the simple electrochemical deposition method. However, since the aspect ratio of TSVs was become a higher, it was easy to occur voids and copper filling of TSVs became more difficult. Using some additives like an accelerator, suppressor and leveler for the void-free filling of TSVs, deposition rate of bottom could be fast whereas deposition of side walls could be inhibited. The suppressor was adsorbed surface of via easily because of its higher molecular weight than the accelerator. However, for high aspect ratio TSV fillers, the growth of the top of via can be accelerated because the suppressor is replaced by an accelerator. The substitution of the accelerator and the suppressor caused the side wall growth and defect generation. The suppressor was used as Single additive electrodeposition of TSV to overcome the constraints. At the electrochemical deposition of high aspect ratio of TSVs, the suppressor as single additive could effectively suppress the growth of the top surface and the void-free bottom-up filling became possible. Generally, copper was used to fill TSVs since its low resistivity could reduce the RC delay of the interconnection. However, because of the large Coefficients of Thermal Expansion (CTE) mismatch between silicon and copper, stress was induced to the silicon around the TSVs at the annealing process. The Keep Out Zone (KOZ), the stressed area in the silicon, could affect carrier mobility and could cause degradation of the device performance. Cobalt can be used as an alternative material because the CTE of cobalt was lower than that of copper. Therefore, using cobalt could reduce KOZ and improve device performance. In this study, high-aspect ratio TSVs were filled with cobalt using the electrochemical deposition. And the filling performance was enhanced by using the suppressor as single additive. Electrochemical analysis explains the effect of suppressor in the cobalt filling bath and the effect of filling behavior at condition such as current type was investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.17-29
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• 2009

There has been an increase in the investigation of deep sea sediments with a consequent increase in the amount of energy required to undertake these investigations. The geotechnical characteristics of Ulleung Basin sediment are explored by using depressurized specimens following methane production tests carried out on pressured core samples obtained at 2,100 m water depth and 110 m below sea floor. Geotechnical index tests, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope are conducted to identify the geotechnical index parameters, clay mineralogy, chemical composition, and microstructure of the sediments. Compressibility, and elastic and electromagnetic wave parameters are investigated for two samples by using a multi sensing instrumented oedometer cell. The strength chatracteristics are obtained by the direct shear tests. The dominant clay minerals are mostly kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and calcite. The SEM shows a well-developed flocculated structure of the microfossil. Void ratio, electrical resistivity, real permittivity, conductivity, and shear wave velocity show bi-linear behavior with the effective vertical stress: as the vertical effective stress increases. The friction angle obtained by the direct shear test is about $21^{\circ}$, which is similar to the value observed in the Ulleung Basin sediments. This study shows that the understanding of the behavior acting on the diatomaceous marine sediment is important because it often maintains the useful energy resources such as gas hydrate and so will be the new engineering field in the next generation.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2006

The first Japanese pilot-scale $CO_2$ sequestration project has been undertaken in an onshore saline aquifer, near Nagaoka in Niigata prefecture, and time-lapse well logs were carried out in observation wells to detect the arrival of injected $CO_2$ and to evaluate $CO_2$ saturation in the reservoir. $CO_2$ was injected into a thin permeable zone at the depth of 1110m at a rate of 20-40 tonnes per day. The total amount of injected $CO_2$ was 10400 tonnes, during the injection period from July 2003 to January 2005. The pilot-scale demonstration allowed an improved understanding of the $CO_2$ movement in a porous sandstone reservoir, by conducting time-lapse geophysical well logs at three observation wells. Comparison between neutron well logging before and after the insertion of fibreglass casing in observation well OB-2 showed good agreement within the target formation, and the higher concentration of shale volume in the reservoir results in a bigger difference between the two well logging results. $CO_2$ breakthrough was identified by induction, sonic, and neutron logs. By sonic logging, we confirmed P-wave velocity reduction that agreed fairly well with a laboratory measurement on drilled core samples from the Nagaoka site. We successfully matched the history changes of sonic P-wave velocity and estimated $CO_2$ saturation a(ter breakthrough in two observation wells out of three. The sonic-velocity history matching result suggested that the sweep efficiency was about 40%. Small effects of $CO_2$ saturation on resistivity resulted in small changes in induction logs when the reservoir was partially saturated. We also found that $CO_2$ saturation in the $CO_2$-bearing zone responded to suspension of $CO_2$ injection.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2001.05b
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• pp.42-63
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• 2001

The detail survey on the Songsanri tomb site including the Muryong royal tomb was carried out during the period from May 1 , 1996 to April 30, 1997. A quantitative analysis was tried to find changes of tomb itself since the excavation. Main subjects of the survey are to find out the cause of infiltration of rain water and groundwater into the tomb and the tomb site, monitoring of the movement of tomb structure and safety, removal method of the algae inside the tomb, and air controlling system to solve high humidity condition and dew inside the tomb. For these purposes, detail survery inside and outside the tombs using a electronic distance meter and small airplane, monitoring of temperature and humidity, geophysical exploration including electrical resistivity, geomagnetic, gravity and georadar methods, drilling, measurement of physical and chemical properties of drill core and measurement of groundwater permeability were conducted. We found that the center of the subsurface tomb and the center of soil mound on ground are different 4.5 meter and 5 meter for the 5th tomb and 7th tomb, respectively. The fact has caused unequal stress on the tomb structure. In the 7th tomb (the Muryong royal tomb), 435 bricks were broken out of 6025 bricks in 1972, but 1072 bricks are broken in 1996. The break rate has been increased about 250% for just 24 years. The break rate increased about 290% in the 6th tomb. The situation in 1996 is the result for just 24 years while the situation in 1972 was the result for about 1450 years. Status of breaking of bircks represents that a severe problem is undergoing. The eastern wall of the Muryong royal tomb is moving toward inside the tomb with the rate of 2.95 mm/myr in rainy season and 1.52 mm/myr in dry season. The frontal wall shows biggest movement in the 7th tomb having a rate of 2.05 mm/myr toward the passage way. The 6th tomb shows biggest movement among the three tombs having the rate of 7.44mm/myr and 3.61mm/myr toward east for the high break rate of bricks in the 6th tomb. Georadar section of the shallow soil layer represents several faults in the top soil layer of the 5th tomb and 7th tomb. Raninwater flew through faults tnto the tomb and nearby ground and high water content in nearby ground resulted in low resistance and high humidity inside tombs. High humidity inside tomb made a good condition for algae living with high temperature and moderate light source. The 6th tomb is most severe situation and the 7th tomb is the second in terms of algae living. Artificial change of the tomb environment since the excavation, infiltration of rain water and groundwater into the tombsite and bad drainage system had resulted in dangerous status for the tomb structure. Main cause for many problems including breaking of bricks, movement of tomb walls and algae living is infiltration of rainwater and groundwater into the tomb site. Therefore, protection of the tomb site from high water content should be carried out at first. Waterproofing method includes a cover system over the tomvsith using geotextile, clay layer and geomembrane and a deep trench which is 2 meter down to the base of the 5th tomb at the north of the tomv site. Decrease and balancing of soil weight above the tomb are also needed for the sfety of tomb structures. For the algae living inside tombs, we recommend to spray K101 which developed in this study on the surface of wall and then, exposure to ultraviolet light sources for 24 hours. Air controlling system should be changed to a constant temperature and humidity system for the 6th tomb and the 7th tomb. It seems to much better to place the system at frontal room and to ciculate cold air inside tombs to solve dew problem. Above mentioned preservation methods are suggested to give least changes to tomb site and to solve the most fundmental problems. Repairing should be planned in order and some special cares are needed for the safety of tombs in reparing work. Finally, a monitoring system measuring tilting of tomb walls, water content, groundwater level, temperature and humidity is required to monitor and to evaluate the repairing work.