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Estimation of $CO_2$ saturation from time-lapse $CO_2$ well logging in an onshore aquifer, Nagaoka, Japan  

Xue, Ziqiu (Research Institute of innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE))
Tanase, Daiji (Engineering Advancement Association of Japan (ENAA))
Watanabe, Jiro (Geophysical Surveying Co., Ltd.)
Publication Information
Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration / v.9, no.1, 2006 , pp. 19-29 More about this Journal
Abstract
The first Japanese pilot-scale $CO_2$ sequestration project has been undertaken in an onshore saline aquifer, near Nagaoka in Niigata prefecture, and time-lapse well logs were carried out in observation wells to detect the arrival of injected $CO_2$ and to evaluate $CO_2$ saturation in the reservoir. $CO_2$ was injected into a thin permeable zone at the depth of 1110m at a rate of 20-40 tonnes per day. The total amount of injected $CO_2$ was 10400 tonnes, during the injection period from July 2003 to January 2005. The pilot-scale demonstration allowed an improved understanding of the $CO_2$ movement in a porous sandstone reservoir, by conducting time-lapse geophysical well logs at three observation wells. Comparison between neutron well logging before and after the insertion of fibreglass casing in observation well OB-2 showed good agreement within the target formation, and the higher concentration of shale volume in the reservoir results in a bigger difference between the two well logging results. $CO_2$ breakthrough was identified by induction, sonic, and neutron logs. By sonic logging, we confirmed P-wave velocity reduction that agreed fairly well with a laboratory measurement on drilled core samples from the Nagaoka site. We successfully matched the history changes of sonic P-wave velocity and estimated $CO_2$ saturation a(ter breakthrough in two observation wells out of three. The sonic-velocity history matching result suggested that the sweep efficiency was about 40%. Small effects of $CO_2$ saturation on resistivity resulted in small changes in induction logs when the reservoir was partially saturated. We also found that $CO_2$ saturation in the $CO_2$-bearing zone responded to suspension of $CO_2$ injection.
Keywords
well log; time-lapse; $CO_2$ monitoring; P-wave velocity; Gassmann's equation; neutron porosity; cased-hole;
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