• KIEAE Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

Purpose: Temperature in urban areas increase much more than suburban areas and it is called urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. There are several solutions to control UHI phenomenon such as green roof system, water space construction, and cool roof system. However, application of green roof system and cool roof system to some of the buildings which compose the city has a critical limit. Therefore, in order to diminish the temperature rising and UHI phenomenon due to climate change of the city, it needs to approach from the viewpoint of site or city, rather than the viewpoint of individual buildings. This study is aims at analyzing UHI phenomenon by characteristics of surface materials and suggesting the solutions to reduce UHI phenomenon by types of complex. Method: Literature reviews were conducted to analyze the cause, mitigating plan, and recent trends of UHI phenomenon. For the simulation analysis, the type of complex was classified 3 representative complex. Based on measured reflectivity, simulation about UHI phenomenon was conducted by setting 4 strategies; albedo of roof, road pavement, green roof system, and vegetating around buildings. Result: As the results of simulating the UHI reduction factor by types of complex, it showed that the effect of temperature reduction on the building roof layer is more effective than adjusting the reflectivity of buildings such as green roof system, planting near the buildings in both the detached house complex, apartment complex, and commercial complex.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.297-304
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• 2019

Background: The growing wild boar population has become a social issue and its feeding characteristics could affect the physical condition and the plant species composition in the South Korean forests. We aimed to reveal the preference of the wild boar on forest type and site condition as feeding grounds in two cool-temperate forested national parks, Odaesan and Seoraksan, in order to provide information to manage the growing population. Results: The 75 plots (53.6%) out of 140 plots were used as feeding grounds by the wild boar, implying a considerably large population. Especially, the observation frequency as feeding ground was the highest in Quercus forests (73.3%), and it was significantly more preferred than deciduous forest type (44.2%) and coniferous forest type (32.4%) (${\chi}^2=17.591$, p < 0.001). Significantly more and deeper pits were found in Quercus forests. Moreover, high elevation and gentle slope ridge were relatively preferred regardless of forest distribution. Conclusions: South Korean forests are growing qualitatively and quantitatively. Particularly, Quercus forest area has increased markedly, while coniferous forest area has decreased. Since the Quercus forest provides rich food sources for the wild boar, the enlargement of this forest type is expected to increase the wild boar population. The forests located at high elevations have high species diversity, and it is expected that these forests will be greatly affected by the increase in the wild boar population as preferred feeding grounds.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2002

The bryophyte communities on the forest floor of the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest of cool temperate zone on Deongnyusan(1,616m) south-eastern part of the Korean Penninsula were investigated from the phytosociological viewpoint. As a result, a bryophyte community was recognized, considering the phytosociological unit of the forest: Sasamorpha borealis-Abies koreana / Hylocomiopsis ovicarpa-Thamnoblyum alopecurum community. This community was interpreted as a counterpart one of the Sasamorpha borealis-Abies koreana / Dicranum scoparium-Plagiothecium silvaticum community in the Jiri Mountains, but between the two communities, the species composition was somewhat different. The bryophyte community on the forest floor on Deongnyusan was confirmed as a synusie belonging to the Fraxino-Abietetum koreanae Song 1988. Up to date many investigators have described the coniferous forest distributed above 1,400m on Deongnysan as the forest vegetation of subarctic(=subalpine) zone. However, from the results of the present study, the forest vegetation, a mixed forest, was elucidated to be one of cool temperate zone. Species diversity of the terri-colous bryophyte community on Deongnyusan was very close to that of the communities of the similar type in the Jiri Mountains. The taxa of the bryophyte community was composed of 19 families,25 genera and 38 species.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.561-576
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• 2016

Born in the 19th century as an intermediate between the past and the future, steampunk provides a strong feeling of fantasy. The objective of this research is to understand the utilization of steampunk in all realms through an in-depth literature review and empirical study. Taking the findings as a foundation, we will analyze examples shown in fashion designs that are put into real production, and those designs that can provide inspiration for further design development. The research methodology will constitute a major analysis of advanced research, internet materials, and literature. Photo materials will be collected from professional websites for steampunk. The product method such as follows. Firstly, we will classify the internal meaning of characteristics in steampunk that are similar to the characteristics that are being researched, then take it as the standard and arrange to integrate all five features: restoration, pluralism, duplicity, resistibility and abnormality. We will spread out the design based on images from advanced research. Secondly, in order for to design a steampunk product, I decided on four themes: devastated environment, brutal wars, cool-headed machinery, and the overlap of the future and the past. Inspiration was acquired from representative movies and animations featuring steampunk. Thus, new directions for fashion design with steampunk features can be discovered. It raises the feasibility of this combination in modern society. In the future with the development of technology, it functions as a design that is easy for users to approach.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.85-92
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• 2008

Water in Soyang River is an essential source for citizens of Chuncheon and Seoul areas. In 2006, turbid water in Soyang River aggravated by the typhoon Ewiniar, sustained for over 280 days unlike conventional years, then which interrupted water supply of Chuncheon and Seoul areas. Soil erosion derived from high cool lands constituting about 55% of Soyang River area is considered one of main causes for the turbid water, including imprudent development of mountainous area, road expansion, and road construction for forestry. According to analysis of turbidity, precipitation and reservoir level in Soyang River region for June 2006${\sim}$August 2008, the turbidity showed a peak correlation (r = 0.28) at a lag time of 49 days and especially did an excellent correlation (r = 0.60) with the reservoir level at a lag of 4 days. In the meantime, a critical turbidity of 31 NTU at Soyanggang Dam was estimated, over which would cause turbid water at Paldang Dam. In addition, a master recession curve was suggested, from which sustaining time of turbid water can be predicted.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2013

The fog water chemistry and deposition in northern Japan were investigated by fog water and throughfall measurements in 2010. Fog water was sampled weekly by an active-string fog sampler at Lake Mashu from May to November. Throughfall measurements were conducted using rain gauges under three deciduous trees along the somma of the lake from August to October. The mean fog deposition rate (flux) was calculated using throughfall data to estimate the total fog water deposition amount for the entire sampling period. $NH_4{^+}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ were the most abundant cation and anion, respectively, in the fog water samples. A mean pH of 5.08 in the fog water, which is higher than those in rural areas in Japan, was observed. The [$NH_4{^+}$]/[$SO{_4}^{2-}$] equivalent ratio in fog water was larger than 1.0 throughout the study period, indicating that $NH_3$ gas was the primary neutralizing agent for fog water acidity. The mean rate and total amount of fog water deposition were estimated as 0.15 mm $h^{-1}$ and 164 mm, respectively. The amounts of nitrogen and sulfate deposition via fog water deposition were corresponded to those reported values of the annual deposition amounts via rainfall.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.65-78
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• 2017

In this study, stable carbon isotopic analysis (22 specimens) and magnetic susceptibility analysis (23 specimens) were conducted out on the specimens collected from two points (trench DT1, DT2) in the floodplain of Jemincheon(hereinafter the Jemin plain) to reconstruct the Holocene Environments (Period I, Period II, Period III) of the Jemin plain in Gongju, Chungnam. The results were as follows: In Period I (approximately 7,480~4,940 yrs B.P.) and especially around 7,480~7,320 yrs B.P., it was cool-dry and there were two minor climate fluctuations. This period received a continuous flow of sediments, rather than massive amounts of sediments due to abrupt flooding, and therefore, there was almost no soilization process. Period II(approximately 4,940~2,600 yrs B.P.) was also relatively cool-dry. However, in Period II b, unlike I, the minor climate fluctuations were less pronounced. In this period, flooding and desiccation repeated, inducing soilization processes especially around 3,160 yrs B.P. In Stage III (~360 yrs B.P.), it was warm and humid compared to II b. However, in III a, there was no inflow of sediments due to irregular flooding, and in fact, soilization process was more manifested than during II b due to the impact of the desiccation environment. However, there were some mass movements from Bonghwang Mt. (a.s.l. 147m) caused by heavy rains and typhoon during III b (approximately 360 yrs B.P.), thus moving a large amount of debris (i.e. gravel), which resulted in sedimentation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.659-668
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to propose a ventilation corridor management plan to improve the thermal environment for Busan Metropolitan City. To this end, the characteristics of hot and cool spots in Busan were identified by conducting spatial statistical analysis, and thermal image data from Landsat-7 satellites and major ventilation corridors were analyzed through WRF meteorological simulation. The results showed the areas requiring thermal environment improvement among hot spot areas were Busanjin-gu, Dongnae-gu, industrial areas in Yeonje-gu and Sasang-gu, and Busan Port piers in large-scale facilities. The main ventilation corridor was identified as Geumjeongsan Mountain-Baekyangsan Mountain-Gudeoksan Mountain Valley. Based on the results, the ventilation corridor management strategy is suggested as follows. Industrial facilities and the Busan Port area are factors that increase the air temperature and worsen the thermal environment of the surrounding area. Therefore, urban and architectural plans are required to reduce the facility's temperature and consider the ventilation corridor. Areas requiring ventilation corridor management were Mandeok-dong and Sajik-dong, and they should be managed to prevent further damage to the forests. Since large-scale, high-rise apartment complexes in areas adjacent to forests interfere with the flow of cold and fresh air generated by forests, the construction of high-rise apartment complexes near Geumjeongsan Mountain with the new redevelopment of Type 3 general residential area should be avoided. It is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic data for urban planning and environmental planning in response to climate change in Busan Metropolitan City.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.379-388
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• 1999

As a first step for delineating the provenance regions of the forest trees in Korea, horizontal zones have been deduced primarily from the various climatic factors such as annual mean temperature, extremely low temperature, relative humidity, annual gum of possible growing days, duration of sunshine and dry index. The basic concept to the delineation of the provenance regions was based on the ecological regions, which was likely to be more practical than that on the basis of the typical provenance regions at the species level. Primary classification of the regions has been based on the forest zones(sub-tropical, warm-temperate, mid-temperate and cool-temperate) as a broad geographic region. Further classification has been carried out using cluster analyses among the basic regions within forest zone. On the basis of clustering, a total of 19 regions including 3 from sub-tropical, 6 from warm-temperate, 8 from mid-temperate and 2 from cool-temperate was horizontally delineated. Of the mean values of 6 climate factors at the broad geographic region level, three factors such as annual mean temperature, extremely low temperature, annual growing days showed directional tendencies from subtropical to cool-temperate, while the others didn't. The values of relative humidity, duration of sunshine and dry index varied among the provenance regions within forest zone. These three factors might he more sensitive by the micro-environment condition than by the macro-environment condition. Present study aimed to delineate the primary provenance regions for tentative application to forest practices. These will be stepwise revised through the supplement using accumulated information regard to genecological data.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2019

We designed a system that can automatically collect, convey, and control cool air of $15^{\circ}C-20^{\circ}C$ containing carbon dioxide from a mushroom cultivation house to a strawberry plastic house. We recorded the temperature at various positions from July to August 2017. The average temperature of the green house during day and at night was maintained at $33^{\circ}C$ and $26^{\circ}C$, respectively. In the moveable three-tier cylindrical bed, the average temperature around root was maintained at $26^{\circ}C$ and $21^{\circ}C$ during day and at night, respectively. On the high-bench in the green house, the temperature was maintained at $32^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ during day and at night, respectively. The carbon dioxide concentration was maintained around 800-1,600 ppm in the mushroom cultivation system and 400-800 ppm in the strawberry plastic house. The growth characteristics of the strawberry treated with moveable three-tier cylindrical bed were significantly different from those of the untreated high-bench bed. In addition, during the summer season, moveable three-tier cylindrical bed showed more tendency to increase in normal fruit number (NFN) and to decrease in defective fruit number (DFN) compare to the high-bench bed. Therefore, the moveable three-tier cylindrical bed showed a tendency to be more than 2 times higher yields than that of the high-bench bed. It was confirmed that ever-bearing strawberry cultivars could be cultivated in green house due to the cool air supply from the mushroom cultivation system in the summer season.