• Strategy21
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• s.33
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• pp.148-177
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• 2014

The regional security and stability in Northeast Asia has become more complicated because of a sudden establishment of China's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) on 23 November 2013. One dimensional conflicts on the territorial sovereignty over the islands between the regional States has developed into the two dimensional conflicts like maritime delimitations among the States concerned since they have all ratified the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea which adopts the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone regime. Moreover, due to the notion of the outer limit of the continental shelf, the conflicts have developed into three dimensional ones in order to acquire more natural resources even in the seabed. To make matters worse, such three dimensional conflicts have expanded to the airspace as well. The paper will analyze what implications the sudden declaration of China's ADIZ have for the regional security in Northeast Asia from the perspectives of public international law. To this end, the paper 1) starts with the debates on the legal nature of the ADIZ, 2) identifies the Chinese government's political motives for the establishment of the ADIZ over the East China Sea, 3) assesses the responses of the regional States and the USA to the China's establishment of the ADIZ, and then 4) discuss what implications the overlapped ADIZ of the three key States in the region have for the regional security and stability.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.67-78
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• 1984

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical model of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea was developed to investigate the intermediate scale processes in the region. The model was applied to the three dimensional computation of the typhoon induced currents on the continental: shelf for a 5 days period in Summer, 1978. The circulation pattern showing depth and spatial distribution of currents over the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea is presented and analyzed. This initial study has been undertaken in association with the programme of establishment of real-time forecasting schemes based on dynamic principles.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 1985

In this paper, the most important oceangraphic phenomena of the summer season in the East China Sea are reviewed. The hydrographic conditions in the suface layer above the seasonal thermocline are under great influence from solar heating, fresh water runoff mainly from the Yangtze River, and summer wind fields. In the lower layer below the thermocline, several distinct water masses e.g. the Kuroshio surface water, the Western North Pacific Central Water and the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water are intruded in response to the adjustment of the field of mass to the various dynamical processes. The frontal mixing between the intruded Yellow Sea Bottom Cold. Water and the Western North Pacific Central Water takes place in the bottom layer over the continental shelf south off Cheju Is. This mixed water probably has mush influence on the water properties of the intermediate and bottom layer around Cheju Is. and the south coast of Korea.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2002

Seasonal variation in global transport calculated from an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) has been assessed through the comparison with observational estimates. The OGCM based on the GFDL MOM1.1 has honzontal grid interval of 10 and 21 verticle levels, and was integrated for 31 years forced by climatological wind stress, freshwater flux, and heat flux with restoring. General features of the world ocean circulation are well reproduced, which include the western boundary currents such as the Kuroshio and the Agulhas Current, the Equatorial Current system, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and the Weddell Sea gyres. Also well resolved is the remarkable seasonal variation in the depth-integrated flows in the northern Indian Ocean due to the monsoonal wind. Monthly variation is found to be dominant in the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current through the Drake Passage in accordance with observational estimates. It has been shown that the mid-latitude depth-integrated flows obey the Sverdrup relation, except for some regions such as continental shelf regions where the interaction between stratification and bottom topography is critical.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.501-524
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• 2002

Article 121 of the UNCLOS stipulates the regime of islands and grants different jurisdictions to islands and rocks. Especially, paragraph 3 gives different definitions and distinguishes the legal status of between islands and rocks. That is, rocks, which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life cannot have their own EEZ, continental shelf or the great-sphere maritime jurisdiction. In this paper various theories and state practicess on islands and rocks are examined with reference to Article 121 of UNCLOS. Also, the status of Dokdo as a rock or an island is examined in accordance with the interpretation of Article 121 of UNCLOS. National legislations, practices, and many scientific opinions are often contradictory and controversial with respect to the interpretation of Article 121 of the UNCLOS. However, it is believed that Article 121 of UNCLOS, particularly paragraph 3 has to be interpreted more strictly. That is because the highly developed modem scientific technology can be meaningless when the criteria of Article 121 of UNCLOS are to be inappropriately applied. Insular figures like ${\ulcorner}rocks{\lrcorner}$ could bring the inequitable effects disadvantageous toward the other party when the maritime delimitation is applied. Claiming and Intentionally extending maritime zone of a coastal states by assigning EEZ for small insular figures like ${\ulcorner}rocks{\lrcorner}$ is over-zealous nationalism which is illegal, and such practices must be recognized as actions bringing great harm to the neighboring nations and demise of the sprit of all mankind.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.spc3
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• pp.397-407
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• 2011

To understand the vertical structure of ocean currents from raw data observed by lowered-ADCP (LADCP), these data require post-processing. Data were processed using Krahman's version 10.8 processing software based on Matlab. It is estimated the influence of auxiliary data affecting the processed current structure. The bottom-tracked velocities and the GPS information significantly contribute the offset on reference velocities in the bottom layer and barotropic ones in the middle layer, respectively. Good quality data can be obtained when LADCP is least tilted in pitch and roll during observation. In situ application of LADCP to the (northward) volume transports of Kuroshio in the East China Sea proved to be 24.8. Sv (= $1{\times}10^6m^3s^{-1}$) in October 2007, and 28.2 Sv in June 2008, respectively. The volume transport is relatively large over the continental slope when compared to the shelf or the deep sea.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.167-174
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• 2003

Oceanic conditions of the Tsushirm Wann Current (1WC) region in the southern area if the East Sea (the Japan Sea) are examined using data obtained from a CREAMS (Circulation Research if the East Asian Marginal Seas) cruise in June 1996. In 1990s, a lower temperature appears in $19\%$ and in this period, two branch of the TWC exist and the first branch of the TWC flows inshore if the Japanese coastal region compared to tfr1t in the other years, especially in the sfr1llower water layer at less th:1n about 2mm. The TWC cored with the higher salinity (>34.6 psu) is clearly observed over the continental shelf zone in the Japanese coastal region and offshore and identified by geostrophic calculation Intrusion if the TWC into the East Sea through the Korea Strait (the Tsushima Strait) makes the density structure in the water column change and the water mass in the TWC region is unstable based on Brunt- Vaisala frequency.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2003

The water balance calculation in the IRL shows that fresh groundwater discharge is the primary factor, with surface runoff from gaged and ungaged areas as the second freshwater contributor. Precipitation and evaporation are almost in balance fer the entire IRL. Due to high freshwater discharge from ground-water, the annual net flow is outward from the IRL to the continental shelf of the Atlantic Ocean resulting in a relatively short flushing time, denoted as $T_{0.5}$ (50% flushing time) and $T_{0.99}$ (99% flushing time). $T_{0.5}$, and. $T_{0.99}$ without a tidal effect in the Northern IRL are 17 and 114 days, respectively, during the dry season. During the wet season, they are 10 and 65 days, respectively. Tidal flushing effects are considered in central IRL due to the proximity to Sebastian Inlet. In the Northern Central zone during dry season, $T_{0.5}$, and. $T_{0.99}$ are 6 and 43 days, respectively and during the wet season 5 and 33 days. In the Southern Central zone they are 2 and 16 days for the dry season,2 and 15 days for the wet season. High groundwater seepage into the IRL is considered to be a positive effect in maintaining relatively good water quality condition even with few narrow inlets.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.820-823
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• 2006

Nonlinear internal waves (NLIW) were studied as a unusual phenomena in the ocean decades ago. As the quality, quantity and variety of satellite images improve over decades, it is founded that NLIW is a ubiquitous phenomenon. Over the continental shelf of northern South China Sea (SCS), both optical and microwave images show that there are trains of NLIW packets near Dongsha Atoll (20.7N, 116.8E). Each packet contains several NLIW fronts. These NLIW packets are nearly parallel to each other and they are refracted, reflected or diffracted by the change of ocean bottom topography. Based on Korteweg de Vries (KdV) theory and the assumption that the bright/dark lines in the satellite images are centers of convergence/divergence of NLIW fronts, one may (1) sort NLIW packets in the same satellite image into groups of the same source, but generated at different tidal cycles, (2) relate NLIW packets in consecutive satellite images of one day apart, (3) locating faint signals of NLIW fronts in a satellite image. The NLIWs travel more than 100 km/day near Dongsha Atoll, with higher speed in deeper water. The bias and standard deviation of predicted location of NLIW front from its true location is about 1% and 5.1%, respectively.

• Water for future
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.221-236
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• 1983

In semi-enclosed shallow sea areas typified by the Yellow sea and the East China Sea, currents and sea surface variations are predominantly tidal. During the recent years two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea has been developed, based on the vertically-integrated equations of motion and continuity, capable of reproducing amplitudes and phases of the principal components of tides to satisfiable accuracy. As a subsequent development a three-dimensional hydrodynamical nymerical model covering the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea has been formulated to investigate the vertical distribution of horizontal tidal current and the response of the continented to investigate the vertical distribution of horizontal tidal current and the response of the continental shelf sea to steady uniform wind stress field imposed over the surface. Features of the M2 tidal current and the wind-induced three-dimensional current structure determined from the computation have been examined and discussed.