• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.209-219
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• 1998

This study is the first part of the investigation of the students' and teachers' understanding of ideal conditions in physics. To do this, here, we provided the theoretical basis for the above study by discussing the meaning and characteristics of idealization. Idealization, introduced and elaborated by Galileo therefore characterized the nature of modem science, can be generated by four procedures: neglecting the minor variables, giving without any description about the minor variables, assuming the limit case, assuming constancy or uniformity. Idealization generated by these procedures can produce models and laws from the sensory informations about real world. And physics world is constructed by formalization or mathematization of these models and laws obtained through idealization about real world. Therefore, it can be said that idealization have a major role in the context of discovery. By this aspects, physics world can be viewed as the approximation of the real world, and this view, again, give rise the philosophical debate about the reality in nature. Idealization take an important role in the process of application of physics world and the understanding the real world. That is, physicists accept the discrepancies between real world, and physics world and make a great effort to explain, moreover, reduce these discrepancies by modifying or eliminating idealization involved in physics world. Continued from this study, we will proceed to obtain the implications of idealization on the physics learning and investigate the students' and teachers' understanding of the ideal condition involved in the theoretical explanation and the experiment in physics.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.421-433
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• 2001

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experience of mothers of children with muscular dystrophy. The participants were 11 mothers recruited by snowball sampling, who agreed with the objectives of the research and could verbally communicate with the researcher and who lived with their sons who had muscular dystrophy. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews with participants in their own homes. Each interview took 50 to 120 minutes. All of the interviews were audiotaped and then transcribed. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's (1978) method of phenomenology. From the transcripts 109 significant sentences and phrases were selected and 13 clusters of themes were categorized from 67 significant statements. These results were integrated into the essential structure of the lived experience of mothers of children with muscular dystrophy. 1. Anxious and relying on chance due to indefinite diagnosis. 2. Only able to cry with shock because of son's fatal disease. 3. Seeing the future as dismal and feeling resentment that this disease in transmitted through the mother. 4. Feeling caught between a husband who is distancing himself from his family and the family which is disintegrating. 5. Feeling like a sinner for transmission of genetic disease(Feeling guilt for conceiving a son with a genetically transmitted fatal disease). 6. Empathizing with other suffers of muscular dystropy and their parents in their grief and helping to dissipate their heavy feelings. 7. Deciding to sacrifice self as a way of taking responsibility for giving birth to a handi-capped son. 8. Losing hope (feeling despair) as son's condition deteriorates in spite of all attempts to help him. 9. Wishing to die with son who becomes progressively immobile. 10. Accumulating Han*(한, 恨), because of rising Hwa(화, anger), and becoming sick both mentally and physically. 11. Seeing events as destiny and finding self-control through faith. 12. Finally, giving up sacrificing self for son and becoming concerned(involved) with other children in the family. 13. Feeling fear at son's impending death. This is the first research on the experience of Korean mothers of children with muscular dystrophy. In applying the phenomenology research method, this study not only helps health professionals understand the experience of these mothers in the Korean patriarchal social system, but the researcher, as a nurse, can share their agony and grief through identification of their inner world through in-depth personal interviews. The results obtained in this study will not only help in the development of family nursing practice for families with genetically transmitted diseases but also prepare basic data for family nursing practice in the Korean sociocultural context.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.177-212
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• 1993

My research is based on the parser for ill-formed input by Mellish in a paper in ACL 27th meeting Proceedings. 1989. My system is composed of two parsers:WFCP and IFCP. When WFCP fails to give the parse tree for the input sentence, the sentence is identified as ill-formed and is parsed by IFCP for error detection and recovery at the syntactic level. My system is indendent of grammatical rules. It does not take into account semantic ill-formedness. My system uses a grammar composed of 25 context-free rules. My system consistes of two major parsing strategies:top-down expection and bottem-up satisfaction. With top-down expectation. rules are retrieved under the inference condition and expaned by inactive arcs. When doing bottom-up parsing. my parser used two modes:Left-Right parsing and Right-to-Left parsing. My system repairs errors sucessfully when the input contains an omitted word or an unknown word substitued for a valid word. Left- corner and right-corner errors are more easily detected and repaired than ill-formed senteces where the error is in teh middle. The deviance note. with repair details, is kept in new inactive arcs which are generated by the error correction procedure. The implementation of my system is quite different from Mellish's. When rules are invoked. my system invokes all rules with minimal inference. My bottom up parsing strategy uses Left-to-Right mode and Right-to-Left mode. My system is bottom-up-parsing-oriented like the chart parser. Errors are repaired in two ways:using top-down hypothesis, and using Need-Chart which keeps the information of expectation and complection of expanded goals by rules. To reduce the number of top-down cycles. all rules are invoked simultaneously and this invocation information is kept in Need-Chart. This idea will be extended for the implementation of multiple error recovery system.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.101-110
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• 2011

There are not a few cases in Oriental medicine where a different prescription should be given to some of the patients whose symptoms are similar to each other. In other words, there might happen a misdiagnosis due to an extremely delicate difference in symptoms of the same diseases, causing a patient's condition to get worse or to be even on the brink of death. In such a context, the records in "WooJam JabJeo(愚岑雜著)" are worthwhile to do in-depth research on. Jang-Taegyung described his first-hand experience in major medical treatment very vivaciously during his ages between 25 and 42. Particularly, most of the prescriptions recorded in this book include not only his empirical prescriptions on the patients who life was almost on the brink of death but it also so plentifully contained the process of overcoming the side effect caused by other clinics' misdiagnosis; thus, that this book is drawing attention in that it could be indispensable materials not only in the research on medical history but also for clinical treatment. Particularly, as regards two cases of insanity, this book mentions the reason for using totally different prescription on one case from the other case even though the two cases had a similar symptom, through which we can acquire somewhat concrete experience in curing scenes though indirectly during the period of the Joseon Dynasty. We were able to get the result from the analysis of the two cases of insanity as follows: 1. WooJam, in treating the two cases of insanity due to the severe exacerbation of yang energy, managed to treat the one case by inducing a bowel movement and the other case by inducing urination. Such a different treatment seems to be greatly attributable to the constitutional factor of the two patients. Such an Oriental-medicine-based method of diagnosis and prescription as WooJam's is rarely found in Western medicine-i.e., that's why more thorough research on Oriental medicine is deeply required. 2. In case of the second patient, the patient arrived at insanity due to another clinic's treatment on perspiration on the patient with severe mouth thirst. This medical story once again highlights the importance of a diagnosis in today's Oriental medicine and at the same time it's a good example showing how big the side effect caused by the abuse of medicinal herbs is. The second patient's body fluids ran dry and finally his yang energy got exacerbated all the more due to the treatment by perspiration.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1365-1378
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• 1999

This study is a methodological research study to develop an instrument to measure in patients with cancer and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The research procedure was as follows : 1) The first step was to develop conceptual framework based on a comprehensive review of the literature and in-depth interviews with patients with cancer. This conceptual framework was organized in to three dimensions (the intrapersonal dimension, the significant-other and context related dimension, the transcendental dimension). Initially 59 items were adopted. 2) These items were analyzed through the index of content validity(CVI) and 53 items were selected which met more than 80% on the CVI. 3) The pretest was carried out with 87 patients with cancer. After the pretest results were analyzed by item analysis, 44 items were selected. A second test of content validity was conducted and 6 items were eliminated considering the 80% CVI. 4) To test for reliability and validity, data collection was done during the period from January 25, 1999, to February 26, 1999. The subjects for the test were 160 patients with cancer and 185 healthy persons. analysis, item analysis and multitrait-multimethod method to analyze validity. The findings are as follows : 1) The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .92 for the total 38 items and .79, .82, .85, for the three dimensions in that order. 2) The item analysis was based on the corrected item to total correlation coefficient( .30 or more) and information about the alpha estimate if this item was dropped from the scale. 3) As a result of the initial factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation, one item was deleted because of factor complexity (indiscriminate factor loadings). In the secondary factor analysis, 7 factors with eigenvalue of more than 1.0 were extracted and these factors explained 56 percents of the total variance. The seven factors were labeled as 'family relationship', 'emotional condition', 'physical discomfort', 'meaning and goal of life', 'contextual stimuli', 'change of body image', 'guilt feelings'. 4) The convergence effect between this instrument and the life satisfaction scale was identified and there was significant positive correlation(r= .52, p= .00). The discriminant validity between this instrument and the depression scale(CES-D) was tested and there was significant negative correlation(r= -.50, p= .00). The instrument for accessing the suffering of patients with cancer developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for assessment in caring for patients with cancer.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.750-763
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• 2000

This study is based on grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin(1998). Ten hospitalized subjects were interviewed for data collection. In the process of data analysis, 'acceptance' is found to be the causal condition, while 'health professionals' skillfulness', 'ward environment', 'history of hospitalization', and 'general conditions' were identified as context, 'felling of relief' as the core phenomenon, 'self-efficacy', 'support of others', and 'life style' as the intermediate situation, 'passive reaction', 'alternative reaction' and 'active reaction' as the strategy and 'stabilization', 'satisfaction', 'hope' and 'carrying out' as consequences. 'Feeling of relief' is found to go through the three stages of recognition-generation-maintenance after the five different patterns. 1) In case the health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable, the general conditions of the patients improved and as a result the feeling of relief is strong, during the first hospitalization, the self-efficacy of the subjects tends to be strong. They proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active or alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief. 2) The subjects tend to proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active and alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable the general conditions of the subjects improved, self-efficacy is strong, and lifestyle is autonomous, during the second hospitalization even though support of others is merely superficial. 3) The subjects tend to stabilize, and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful and the ward environment is favorable but the general conditions worsened and accordingly the feeling of relief, is weak and life style is dependent during the second hospitalization although the subjects' self-efficacy is strong and support of others is specific. 4) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable, the general conditions improved, support of others is specific but life style is dependent and self-efficacy is weak during the first hospitalization. 5) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable but the general conditions improved support of others is specific and as a result self-efficacy is strong but life style is dependent.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2000

Although it is widely acknowledged that enhancing creativity is an important educational theme on which schools should depend and embody their educational goal and activities, how to do it can be characterized as 'piecemeal' without a whole picture of it. Thus, school practices of creativity education has been disoriented, discontinuous, short-term, and peripheral in nature. In this practical context, a theoretical model of creativity education was developed in ways in which several theoretical concepts based on research findings on a variety of aspects of creativity education were compiled and organized. The core of the model was creative problem solving process to which the goals and the mediating variables of creativity education were connected in relational fashion. By giving repetitive opportunities for creative problem solving geared to producing the results that are novel and useful for the individual as well as the socity, it was conceptualized that two educational goals could be achieved: a short-term goal of developing creative potential of the individual and the long-term goals of self-actualization of the individual and contribution to the society. It is also conceptualized that creative problem solving can be influenced in positive manner by several mediating variables: content knowledge and skills, creative cognition, creative motivation and attitudes, and creative environment. The creative environment is composed of psychological and physical conditions and provides a basis for creativity education. The former three variables are conceptualized as necessary conditions for the effectiveness and efficiency of creative problem solving, when provided appropriately. The four mediating variables ware conceptualized as mutually affecting so that the development of one variable influences positively that of the other, and vice versa. In terms of practical perspective of teaching creativity, developing creative potential, self-actualization, and contribution to society are the goals; creative problem solving process is the methodology; content knowledge and skills, creative cognition, and creative motivation and attitudes are the content; and creative environment is the condition of creativity education. The model is not yet perfect but needs further explorations to make it more detailed in clarifying various relationships. For instance, how the creative problem solving process can be differentiated in teaching various subject matters is yet to be explored. Thus, the model proposed in this study should be regarded as a general model of creativity education, and is relatively sound to be adopted in school practices since it is based on the theoretical as well as empirical study findings on creativity. However, the proposed model needs to be validated through empirical researches in real teaching settings.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

Sleep is not only an essential physiological function, but also serves important roles in promoting growth, maturation, and overall health of humans. There is increasing interest regarding the impact of sleep and its disorders on the regulation of inflammatory processes and end-organ morbidities, particularly in the context of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and their complications. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is an increasingly common health problem in children. In the last decade, the emergence of increasing obesity rates has further led to remarkable increases in the prevalence of OSAS, along with more prominent neurocognitive, behavioral, cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities. Although the underlying mechanisms leading to OSAS-induced morbidities are likely multifactorial and remain to be fully elucidated, activation of inflammatory pathways by OSAS has emerged as an important pathophysiological component of the end-organ injury associated with this disorder. To this effect, it would appear that OSAS could be viewed as a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disorder. Furthermore, the concurrent presence of obesity and OSAS poses a theoretically increased risk of OSAS-related complications. In this study, we will critically review the current state of research regarding the impact of insufficient and disrupted sleep and OSAS on the immune processes and inflammatory pathways that underlie childhood OSAS as a distinctive systemic inflammatory condition in children, and will explore potential interactions between OSAS and obesity.

• School Mathematics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.603-617
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• 2013

The major purpose of this article is to examine what kind of gap exists between mathematically gifted students' probability knowledge and the reality actually applying that knowledge and then analyze the cause of the gap. To attain the goal, 23 elementary mathematically gifted students at the highest level from G region were provided with problem situations internalizing a probability and expectation, and the problems are in series in which conditions change one by one. The study task is in a gaming situation where there can be the most reasonable answer mathematically, but the choice may differ by how much they consider a certain condition. To collect data, the students' individual worksheets are collected, and all the class procedures are recorded with a camcorder, and the researcher writes a class observation report. The biggest reason why the students do not make a decision solely based on their own mathematical knowledge is because of 'impracticality', one of the properties of probability, that in reality, all things are not realized according to the mathematical calculation and are impossible to be anticipated and also their own psychological disposition to 'avoid loss' about their entry fee paid. In order to provide desirable probability education, we should not be limited to having learners master probability knowledge included in the textbook by solving the problems based on algorithmic knowledge but provide them with plenty of experience to apply probabilistic inference with which they should make their own choice in diverse situations having context.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.3B
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• pp.421-430
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• 2010

Now a days, as a communications network is being broadband, IPTV(Internet Protocol Television) service which provides various two-way TV service is increasing. But as the data which is transmitted between IPTV set-top box and smart card is almost transmitted to set-top box, the illegal user who gets legal authority by approaching to the context of contents illegally using McComac Hack Attack is not prevented perfectly. In this paper, set-top box access security model is proposed which is for the protection from McComac Hack Attack that tries to get permission for access of IPTV service illegally making data line which is connected from smart card to set-top box by using same kind of other set-top box which illegal user uses. The proposed model reports the result of test which tests the user who wants to get permission illegally by registration the information of a condition of smart card which is usable in set-top box in certification server so that it prevents illegal user. Specially, the proposed model strengthen the security about set-top box by adapting public key which is used for establishing neighbor link and inter-certification process though secret value and random number which is created by Pseudo random function.