• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.365-370
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• 1998

To evaluate the renal toxicity of the antitumor agent, p-{N,N,-Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino}-4-phenyl acetyl-amino-2,6-piperidinedione(CK-15), rats were treated with CK-15 (acute: 50mg/kg. i.p., single and subacute: 5mg/kg, i.p., daily for 7 days). The changes in the body weight, water consumption, kidney weights and urine volume after and during the treatment were observed. The concentrations of urinary creatinine and portein, the activities of N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in 24hr urine were also determined. The body weight, water consumption, and urine volume were decreased after the acute and subacute administration. However the weights of kidney were not changed after the treatments. The excretion of creatinine was significantly decreased 1 day after acute administration but, returned to the control value. In subactute administration, the excretion of creatinine was gradually decreased. However, the protein excretion did not changed in both treatment. Those indicate that CK-15 might decrease the metabolic rate of muscle. THe urinary activities of NAG, AAP, ${\gamma}$-GT, and LDH were significantly affected bythe drug treatment. The urinary activities of NAG, AAP and ${\gamma}$-GT were significantly increased 1 day after the acute administration and then returned to the control value. However, the urinary activities of LDH were not changed in acute treatment. In subacute treatment, although the urinary activities of NAG were not changed, those of AAP and ${\gamma}$-GT were significantly increased 2.3 times at 3 days during the subacute administration. Also the urinary activities of LDH were significantly increased at 7 day after the administration. These results indicate that the high and subacute administration might induce a damage in the kidney cells. Furthermore the present results suggest that the toxic effects of CK-15 might be due to the accumulation of the metabolites.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2014

In this study, trends in the sales of antimicrobials for use in livestock facilities and fisheries from 2003 to 2012 were investigated with regard to antimicrobial group, antimicrobial usage, and animal species. The overall amount of antimicrobials sold each year from 2003 to 2007 was 1,500 tons, after which they decreased, with the lowest sales being 936 tons in 2012. The total volume of antimicrobials used for feed additives decreased markedly by 94% from 2003 to 2012, which was mainly attributed to banning of feed additives. However, antimicrobial consumption through self prescription by farmers for disease prevention and treatment increased by 25% from 2003 to 2012. The largest volume of antimicrobials sold was for use in pigs (48~57%), followed by poultry (18~24%), fisheries (11~25%), and cattle (5~8%). Tetracycline was the highest selling antimicrobial, followed by penicillins and sulfonamides, although the overall sale of all three antimicrobials gradually decreased over the study period. This study demonstrated that the total consumption of antimicrobials has gradually decreased since 2008. Nevertheless, usage by nonprofessionals increased, which can ultimately cause emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Thus, early establishment of veterinary prescription guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials is urgently needed in Korea.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.701-710
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate experimentally the effect of low purity methanol (LPM) on performance and smoke emission characteristics by using a four-cycle, four-cylinder, water-cooled, direct injection diesel engine with EGR system. The experiments are performed by the change of engine load in the engine load ranges of 25 to 100% with an interval of 25% under the constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. The LPM in the fuel blends contained 24.88% water by volume. The blended fuel ratios of diesel oil to LPM are maintained at 100/0, 95/5, 90/10 and 85/15% on the volume basis. In this paper, EGR rates are varied in three conditions of 0, 12.8 and 16.5%. The result shows that the brake power of a blended fuel with 15% LPM is reduced more 11.1% than that of the neat diesel oil at the full load with the EGR rate of 16.5%. At this condition, also, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is increased by 3.2%, the exhaust gas temperature is decreased by 10.7%, the smoke opacity is decreased by 18.7% and the brake thermal efficiency is increased by 7.3%. The sharp reduction of smoke opacity for a blended fuel with the LPM content of 15% at the full load without EGR system is observed by 68.4% compared with that of the neat diesel oil due to the high oxygen content of LPM.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2014

Water footprint is defined as the total volume of direct and indirect water used to produce a good and service by consumer or producer, and measured at the point of production based on virtual water concept. The green and blue water footprint refers to the volume of the rainwater and the irrigation water consumed, respectively. Crop water footprint is expected to be used as the basic data for agricultural water resources policies at production, consumption and trade aspect. Thus, it is necessary to estimate suitable green and blue water footprint for South Korea. The objective of this paper is to quantify the green and blue water footprint and usage of upland crops during the period 2001-2010. To estimate the water footprint, 43 upland crop production quantity and harvested area data were collected for 10 years and FAO Penman-Monteith equation was adopted for calculating crop water requirement. As the results, the water footprint of cereals, vegetables, fruits and oil crops accounted for 1,994, 165, 605, and 4,226 $m^3/ton$, respectively. The usage of water footprint for crop production has been estimated at 3,499 (green water) and 216 (blue water) $Mm^3/yr$ on average showing a tendency to decrease. Fruits and vegetables have the largest share in the green water usage, consuming about 1,200 and 1,060 $Mm^3/yr$ which are about 65 % of gross usage. The results of this study are expected to be understood by the agricultural water footprint as well as by the total water footprint from both a production and consumption perspective in Korea.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.261-278
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• 1997

This experiment was performed in order to study the clinical effects of Gyumsuyukgunjun on the pulmonary injury caused by exposure of cigarette smoke in rats. Therefore, a writer reports on present experimental results having significant effects on the level of oxygen consumption, the lungs volume, the leukocyte, the hemoglobin level, and the $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$ after administration of Gyumsuyukgunjun in order to study the clinical effects of Gyumsuyukgunjun on the pulmonary injury caused by exposure of cigarette smoke in rats. The results were obtained as follows: 1. In comparison with control group, The group of Gyumsuyukgunjun administration was revealed significant effects(P<0.005) of increase on the level of oxygen consumption. 2. In comparison with control group, The group of Gyumsuyukgunjun administration was revealed significant effects(P<0.005) of decrease on the lungs volume. 3. In comparison with control group, The group of Gyumsuyukgunjun administration was revealed significant effects(P<0.05) of decrease on the leukocyte counts. 4. In comparison with control group, The group of Gyumsuyukgunjun administration was revealed significant effects(P<0.05) of decrease on the hemoglobin level. 5. In comparison with control group, The group of Gyumsuyukgunjun administration was revealed significant effects(P<0.01) of increase on the $PaO_2$ level only of $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$ level. It was concluded from the above results that Gyumsuyukgunjun has a significant effects on the pulmonary injury caused by cigarette smoke.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.699-706
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• 2017

For rapid production of freesia 'Shiny Gold' shoots by using a bioreactor, several culture conditions were investigated. Young shoots (< 1 cm) obtained from freesia corm section in vitro were used as plant materials for this experiment. As a basic experimental environment, 20 young shoots were inoculated into a 5 L balloon type bubble reactor which contained 1 L 1/2 strength MS medium supplemented with 30 g sucrose (3%), and the aeration was 0.1 vvm (vessel volumes per minute). The bioreactors were placed in a growth room with $23^{\circ}C$ temperature, 60% relative humidity and $60{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ light condition (16 h/8 h, day/night). The concentrations of MS media were set with 1/4, 1/2, 1 strength, medium volume 10, 20, 40%, sucrose concentration 3, 6, 9%, and aeration 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 vvm. After 4 weeks of cultivation, the growth indexes including the fresh and dry weight, and plant height were evaluated. At the same time, the consumption, pH, and EC of medium were estimated 4 weeks after incubating. The best results were achieved when 40 young shoots were incubated in a bioreactor in which 1 L of 1/2 strength MS medium supplemented with 6% sucrose was used for the rapid production of freesia shoots. The shoots were 17 cm in plant height and 1.0 g in fresh weight only 4 weeks after incubation which could be a good plant material suitable for corm enlargement in vitro. No correlation was observed between the growth of freesia shoots and the consumption, pH or EC of medium.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.93-104
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• 1999

본 연구는 기존의 소멸화장치를 개선하여 에너지절감과 동시에 탈취효과를 극대화시키면서 유기물의 분해능력을 극대화시키는 장치를 개발하기 위하여 실시되었다. 기존의 장치와 비교하여 3차에 걸친 열교환을 통하여 백금촉매탑에서 발생하는 폐열을 회수하여 이용하게 하였으며, 배기가스의 65%정도를 재순환하게 하였다. 또한 장치전체에 대해서는 감압을 유지하게 하여 수분의 증발을 원활하게 하였다. 미생물제재에 의하여 반응을 안정적으로 유지하는 것이 가능했으며, 또한 분해매체제는 기존의 처리용량의 20배용적을 사용했으나, 본장치에서는 15배용적에 있어서도 미생물활성화가 가능하며, 호기성분위기를 효율적을 유지하는 것이 가능했다. 배기가스의 내부순환을 시스템을 사용함에 따라 얻어지는 효과에 대하여 검토한 결과, 내부의 악취물질인 암모니아가스농도를 감소시키는 것이 가능했으며, 탈취탑으로 유입되는 배기가스가 경감됨에 따라 전력비가1/3선으로 절감되는 효과가 확인되었다. 이러한 내순환에 따라 최적공기량은 100kg처리용량에 대하여 $0.44m^3$로, 이 공기량의 변화에 따라 전력비가 비례하여 변화하는 현상이 확인되었다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2006

Objectives : Biochemical markers can provide an objective evidence of heavy alcohol drinking. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the usefulness of biological markers detecting alcohol dependence, such as mean corpuscular volume(MCV), gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT), and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin(CDT) in the patients of an alcohol counseling center. Methods : This study was done with 64 patients with alcohol dependence and 36 healthy subjects. Relative values(%) of CDT were determined in their sera with turbidimetric immunoassay(Bio-Rad %CDT assay, Axis-Shield ASA, Oslo, Norway), and were compared with conventional markers of alcohol consumption, GGT and MCV. Results : Among the patients with alcohol dependence, 78.1% showed abnormal %CDT levels compared with GGT(61.9%) and MCV(20.7%). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves(95% confidence interval) for %CDT, GGT, and MCV were 0.934(0.866-0.973), 0.871(0.789-0.930), and 0.575 (0.472-0.673), respectively. Conclusion : %CDT seems to be the most reliable biological marker for the detection and monitoring of alcohol consumption in the patients with alcohol dependence of the alcohol counseling center.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.405-415
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to compare greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation by calculation methods (Tier 1, Teir 2, and Tier 3). Tier 1 based on 2006 IPCC guidelines default emission factor and amount of fuel consumption. The Tier 2 approach is the same as Tier 1 except that country-specific carbon contents of the fuel sold in road transport are used. Tier 2 based on emission factor of guidelines for local government greenhouse gas inventories (Korea Environment Corporation), the fuel consumption per one vehicle, and the registered motor vehicles. The Tier 3 approach requires detailed, country-specific data to generate activity-based emission factors for vehicle subcategories (National Institute of Environmental Research) and may involve national models. Tier 3 calculates emissions by multiplying emission factors by vehicle activity levels (e.g., VKT) for each vehicle subcategory and possible road type. VKT was estimated by using GIS road map and traffic volume of the section. The GHG average emission rate by the Tier 1 was 728,857 $tonCO_2eq$/yr, while Tier 2 and Tier 3 were 864,757 $tonCO_2eq$/yr and 661,710 $tonCO_2eq$/yr, respectively. Tier 3 was underestimated by 10.1 and 20.7 percent for the GHG emission observed by Tier 1 and Tier 2, respectively. Based on this study, we conclude that Tier 2 is reasonable GHG emissions than Tier 1 or Tier 3. But, further study is still needed to accurate GHG emission from Tier 3 method by expanding the traffic survey area and developing the model of local road traffic.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.629-634
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• 2010

천연가스는 최근 세계적으로 강화되고 있는 배기가스 규제를 만족시키기 위한 연료이다. 가스엔진개발에 있어 적은 배기가스와 보다나은 연료 소비효율이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 정적연소기 내에서 예연소실 설계 형상인자와 당량비에 따른 연소 특성을 연구하는데 초점을 맞추었다. 특히 예연소실 설계인자 중 오리피스 직경, 체적비와 당량비가 연소 최대압력과 질량연소분율에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구 하였다. 본 논문은 예연소실 설계인자에 따른 연소 특성을 분석하여, 최적의 예연소실 설계인자를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다.