• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate efficacy of aerosol sanitizer with natural antimicrobial and organic acids against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. The artificially inoculated pathogens on stainless steel coupon were treated with grapefruit seed extract (GFE), acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid in model cabinet for 5 min. The number of three foodborne pathogens with individual treatment was reduced by 0.34-3.77 log units, treatment with GEF + organic acid was reduced by 1.72-3.89 log units and treatment with GEF + organic acid + alcohol was reduced by 1.46-5.05 log units. By treatment with GEF + lactic acid + alcohol in scale-up model system for 10 min. Populations of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes were reduced by 3.42, 2.72 and 2.30 log units from the untreated control respectively. From the above result, aerosol sanitizer with natural antimicrobial agents and organic acid can be used as an environmental sanitation method with satisfying the consumer demand on safe food.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1546-1552
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• 2012

A feeding experiment with 40 lactating Holstein cows and 4 dietary treatments was conducted to investigate supplementation with different levels of alcohol fermented feed to the TMR on lactating performance, blood metabolites, milk fatty acid profile and cholesterol concentration of blood and milk. Forty Holstein lactating cows ($106{\pm}24$ d post-partum; mean${\pm}$SD) were distributed into four groups and randomly assigned to one of four treatments with each containing 10 cows per treatment. The treatment supplemented with TMR (DM basis) as the control (CON), and CON mixed with alcohol-fermented feeds (AFF) at a level of 5%, 10% and 15% of the TMR as T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by supplementation of AFF. An increased 4% FCM in the milk occurred in cows fed T3 diet compared with CON, while T1 and T2 diets decreased 4% FCM in a dose dependent manner. Supplementation of AFF increased the concentration of albumin, total protein (TP), ammonia, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in serum compared with CON. In contrast, supplementation with AFF clearly decreased concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total cholesterol (TC) compare with CON. AFF supplementation increased the proportion of C18:1n9 and C18:2n6 compared to CON. A decrease in the concentration of saturated fatty acid (SFA) for T1, T2 and T3 resulted in an increased unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) to SFA ratio compared to CON. Concentration of cholesterol in milk fat was reduced in proportion to the supplemental level of AFF. Feeding a diet supplemented with a moderate level AFF to lactating cows could be a way to alter the feed efficiency and fatty acid profile of milk by increasing potentially human consumer healthy fatty acid without detrimental effects on feed intake and milk production. A substantially decreased cholesterol proportion in milk induced by supplementation AFF suggests that alcohol fermented feed may improve milk cholesterol levels without any negative effects in lactating cows.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.150-161
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• 2020

Generation Z(Gen Z), which is referred to people in their late teens to early 20s, becomes one of new major consumer groups in the society. More than 80 percent Gen Z use YouTube content as a main information channel. In this study, we investigate what kind of factors make Gen Z immersed when watching YouTube content. In the background study, we examined immersion and set the cognitive conditions of immersion as reality, fascination, control, and driving as a framework for analysis of case study. In the case study, we analyzed the most popular YouTube channels of each category among the Gen Z with the established framework and then identified 3 main factors: reality, 5 senses, and unpretentiousness and 8 characteristics of them. By conducting survey with Gen Z, we wanted to verify the validity of the characteristics and find out the difference among categories. Subjects answered on a five-point scale how the characteristics of each immersion factor corresponded to their favorite channels. As a result, seven characteristics: 1) familiarity of background, 2) reality of acting, 3)familiarity of material, 4)YouTubers' appearance and 5) voice, 6)multi-sensory, and 7)YouTuber's ability to resemble viewers influenced more than 50% of users' immersion. Although there was no significant difference among categories, the familiarity of the material and the five senses stimulus (YouTube's appearance, voice, audiovisual and surrogate taste) were the most important factors in the entertainment category.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.91-114
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• 2011

The market size of e-Commerce in Japan was 15 trillion Yen in 2006, and B2C Internet shopping sales were over 6.57 trillion in 2009. Lakuten is a representative Internet shopping company whose market share is 45%. Lakuten has over 70,000 online stores and Japanese shoppers trust them based on the fair competition rule and pre-control system on e-commerce. Japanese consumers accept new technology rapidly and highly use Internet and mobile channel. This research analyse online shopping behaviors of Japan, a big e-commerce market. Internet shopping intention, satisfaction, and recommendation by Internet shopping motivations, perceived risks, shopping innovativeness were analyzed. A questionnaire survey of 464 Japanese consumer was performed and ANOVA, factor analysis, reliability test have done by SPSS 12.0. As the results, Internet shopping intentions were higher in groups of olders, higher innovativeness. House wives' satisfaction of Internet shopping is highest. High innovativeness group showed higher internet shopping motivation of economics, connivence, hedonic, and social. Student, women, and low income group perceives high risks to Internet shopping. Implications and further researches were suggested based on the results.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

Purpose - The distribution of agricultural products is changing due to recent shifts in environmental free trade. Specifically, the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products has weakened as a result of the Korea-China Financial Trade Agreement. Agricultural producers are faced with increasing difficulties and organized production centers are growing in importance daily. To overcome this crisis, agricultural producer organizations are vying for environment-friendly agricultural certifications, Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). In particular, as consumer demand for higher safety grows, farmers are increasing their certification rates. Therefore, this certification system is expected to help strengthen the competitiveness of agricultural producer organizations. Research design/data/methodology - Organized production centers are classified by certification. A survey was conducted with 91 organizations using factor analysis and logistic regression analysis for the examination. The factor analysis results are as follows. Raw material procurement, education·specialization, marketing, joint business, organizing ability, business management, effectiveness, certification, and larger organizations were classified as the nine types of factors. These factors affect the organized production centers and are used in the logistic regression analysis. The purpose of such research and analysis is to suggest a direction for future production center policies. Results - The basic statistical results are as follows: analysis of the producer organizations of 91 sites, average number of members per site of 1,624, and average sales of 25,961 million won. Additionally, the average income per farmer is 175 million won, and the pooling system rate is 53.5%. The factor analysis results are as follows. Factor 1 consists of contract cultivation, ongoing shipment, selection subdivision, traceability, and major retailer management. Factor 2 consists of manual cultivation, specialty selection, education program, and R&D. Factor 3 consists of advertising, various dealers, various sales strategies, and a unified sales counter. Factor 4 consists of agricultural materials co-purchase, policy support, co-shipment, and incentives. Factor 5 consists of the co-selection and pooling system. Factor 6 consists of co-branding and operating by the organization's article. Factor 7 consists of the buy-sell ratio and rate of operation of the agriculture promotion center. Factor 8 consists of bargaining power in volume and participation rate of farmer certification. Factor 9 consists of increasing new subscribers. The logistic regression analysis results are as follows. Considering the results by type of certification, the environment-friendly agricultural certification type and the GAP certification type have a (+) influence. GAP and HACCP certification types affecting the education·specialization factor have a (+) influence. Considering the results for each type of certification, the environment-friendly agricultural certification types on the effectiveness factor have (-) influence; the HACCP certification types on the organizing ability and effectiveness factor have a (-) influence. Conclusions - Agricultural producer organizations should develop plans as follows: The organizations need to secure education for agricultural production; increase the pooling system ratio for sustainable organizational development; and, finally, expand the number of agricultural producer organizations.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.258-267
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• 2000

The result of five year's experience on Inter-laboratory Comparison for Analyses of Heavy Metals and Organic Solvent Metabolites in Biological Samples was described. Since 1995, around a hundred laboratories in the Occupational Health have participated this program twice per year by the Industrial Safety and Health Law. Four metals in blood and five organic solvent metabolites in urine were examined. Reference samples were made by spiking standard materials to human blood or urine pools treated previously to give homogeneity and stability for a specific time periods. Some reference samples for organic solvent metabolites were made from workers' urine who were exposed to the organic solvents. Some items such as Lead in blood and Hippuric acid in urine showed good accordance between participants while the other items such as Mercury and N-methylformamide in urine showed poor proficient rate. The results were published in the internet or newspaper to help the consumer of the laboratory's service to get the information on them and to make competition between them. The inter-laboratory's comparison program have done greate role to improve the ability of analysis and reliability of analytical data produced from each laboratory.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 2017

Purpose: This study investigated the importance and performance of food/nutrition labeling. The aim was to determine how important students consider food nutritional labeling, utilization of nutrition labels in daily life, and consumer satisfaction of current nutritional labeling. Methods: This study was conducted using a primary survey of students at one high school in Seoul. A total of 300 of 382 questionnaires were analyzed. Results: Regarding difference analysis of the importance-performance of food/nutrition labeling, importance showed higher scores than performance in all 10 attributes. According to the results of Importance and Performance Analysis (IPA), 'health, weight control and maintenance, proper dietary habits, and personal satisfaction' displayed both high importance and performance in the first quadrant. Importance of two factors (health and nutritional factor and effects of media and education) of the 10 attributes positively influenced overall satisfaction in the multiple regression analysis. Conclusion: To develop healthier food choices, it is necessary to educate adolescents about food/nutrition labeling and improve the food/nutrition labeling system.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2011

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are present in many consumer products ranging from fabrics to plastics and electronics. Wide use of flame retardants can pose an environmental hazard, which makes it important to determine the mechanism of their toxicity. In the present study, dose-dependent toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, was examined in male prepubertal rats (postnatal day 18) treated orally with TBBPA at 0, 125, 250 or 500 mg/kg for 30 days. There were no differences in body weight gain between the control and TBBPA-treated groups. However, absolute and relative liver weights were significantly increased in high dose of TBBPA-treated groups. TBBPA treatment led to significant induction of CYP2B1 and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) expression in the liver. In addition, serum thyroxin (T4) concentration was significantly reduced in the TBBPA treated group. These results indicate that repeated exposure to TBBPA induces drug-metabolising enzymes in rats through the CAR signaling pathway. In particular, TBBPA efficiently produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) through CYP2B1 induction in rats. We measured 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, in the kidney, liver and testes of rats following TBBPA treatment. As expected, TBBPA strongly induced the production of 8-OHdG in the testis and kidney. These observations suggest that TBBPA-induced target organ toxicity may be due to ROS produced by metabolism of TBBPA in Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2012

The goal of this study was to investigate the chemical and microbiological characteristics of kimchi products distributed in Japan (5 brands, J-products) and Korea (2 brands, K-products). When their average analyses were compared, J-products showed higher values in pH, total sugar and acetic acid contents, while K-products showed higher values in number of lactic acid bacteria, sugar alcohol and lactic acid contents including textural hardness or chewiness. In addition, the analysis showed great variation in composition levels regarding pH, total sugar and acetic acid contents of J-products, and this fact revealed that different manufacturing processes are being attempted in Japan. Interestingly, some J-products had high concentrations of acetic acid with little mannitol, as this result implies that some manufacturers in Japan produce kimchi by adding acetic acid or lactic acid to control the rate of lactic acid fermentation. The result of this study elucidates the Japanese consumer's taste preference as well as the manufacturing processes in Japanese companies.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.574-579
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• 2008

To develop a yogurt for sensitive consumer such as infants, children or immuno-compromised patients using gamma irradiation, the effects of gamma irradiation on the microbiological, chemical, and sensory quality in a commercial plain yogurt were investigated. No viable coliform bacteria were detected in the sample and approximately a 6 decimal reduction was achieved in the number of total aerobic bacteria by irradiation at 5 kGy. The initial population of lactic acid bacteria observed in the commercial plain yogurt was 8.95 log CFU/g. Gamma irradiation significantly reduced the initial microbial level to 6.47 and 2.85 log CFU/g after irradiation at 1 and 3 kGy, respectively (p<0.05). However, irradiation dose up to 5 kGy could not completely eliminate the lactic acid bacteria in commercial plain yogurt. pH, color, lactose and lactic acid content, and sensory quality were not affected by irradiation treatment and storage. Our results suggest that irradiation can improve the microbial quality of commercial plain yogurt without impairing the physicochemical and sensory quality.