• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2002

This study compared nasalance in low pressure and high pressure consonants and high and low vowels. The subjects were 8 children with cleft palate ranging from 3 years 6 months to 8 years in age. The measurement were taken in terms of the nasalance scores associated with 20 different word stimuli (high consonants+high vowels, high consonants+low vowels, low consonants+high vowels, and low consonants+low vowels) for subjects. The nasalance scores may be affected by high consonants and vowels types, low vowels and consonants types.

• 전자공학회논문지B
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• 제32B권1호
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• pp.147-153
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• 1995

In this paper, we propose the position- and size-independent handwritten on-line Korean character recognition system using multilayer neural networks which are trained with error back-propagation learning algorithm and the features of Hanguel consonants and vowels. Starting point, end point, and three vectors from starting point to end point of each stroke of characters inputted from mouse or tablet are applied as inputs of neural networks. If double consonants and vowels are separated by single consonants and vowels, all consonants and vowels have at most four strokes. Therefore, four neural networks learn the consonants and the vowels having each number of strokes. Also, we propose the algorithm of separating the consonants and vowels and constructing a character.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2018

This study aims to contrast phonological characteristics of Korean and Turkish in terms of language universality. Considering consonants, both languages have the same number of consonants (21), which is the most typologically plausible structure of consonants. Thus, it can be said that they display high universality in the number of consonants. However, Turkish shows higher universality in regards to their substance, i.e., it differs from Korean when it comes to the structure of plosives and affricates. Turkish has two contrastive consonants, i.e., voiced and voiceless. However, the Korean plosives and affricates consist of neutral, tense and aspirate voiceless. In the case of vowels, both Korean with 10 vowels and Turkish with 8 vowels show lower universality. Yet, all of those vowels belong to the list of the most plausible vowels which makes their universality higher in substance. In respect of the syllable structure, Korean with its (C)V(C) type shows a moderately complex structure while Turkish with its (C)V(C)(C) type has a complex structure. The coda may consist of two consonants in Turkish while only one consonant is possible in Korean. However, onset is composed of one consonant in both languages. The contrastive study of similarities and differences between Korean and Turkish in terms of phonological characteristics will help not only understand the two languages but also provide useful information to increase the efficacy of Korean language education for Turkish learners of Korean, whose number is rapidly increasing.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제35권
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• pp.293-314
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• 2014

This paper aims to contrast phonology of Korean and Thai in terms of language universality. Considering consonants, both languages having 21 typologically most plausible consonants display high universality in the number of consonants. However, Thai shows higher universality in regards to their substance, i.e. it differs from Korean when it comes to the structure of plosives and fricatives. Both Korean and Thai show similarities regarding the plosives due to the fact that both languages possess three contrastive consonants. However, the Thai plosives consist of plain voiced, plain voiceless and aspirated voiceless sounds that have higher universality than the Korean plosives which are plain voiced, plain voiceless and aspirated voiceless. In case of vowels, both Korean with its 10 vowels and Thai with its 9 vowels show lower universality when it comes to the total number of vowels. However, all of those vowels belong to the list of most plausible vowels which makes their universality higher in substance. In respect of syllable structure, Korean with its CVC type shows a moderately complex structure while Thai with its CCVC type has a complex structure. The coda may consist of only one consonant in each language but onset is composed of one consonant in Korean, and two consonants in Thai. The contrastive study of similarities and differences between Korean and Thai in terms of phonology will help not only understand the two languages but also provide useful information for increasing the efficacy of Korean language education for Thai learners of Korean whose number is rapidly increasing.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.175-185
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acoustic durations of Korean vowels followed by either voiced or voiceless consonants. Six healthy adult speakers (2 females and 4 males) recorded nonsense syllables in which voiced (/b, d, g/) or voiceless (/p', t', k', $p^{h},t^{h},k^{h}$) consonants follow three different vowels (/i, a, u/) embedded in a carrier phrase. Results showed that vowels preceding voiced consonants (e.g., haba) were significantly longer in duration than those preceding voiceless consonants (e.g., hiP' a or $hip^{h}a$). Also vowels were longer in duration when occurring before velar-stops than before bilabial-stop and dental-stops. Finally, the duration of the low vowel (/a/) was substantially longer than that of the high vowels (/i, u/). These findings may be applicable to speech synthesis or therapy.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2012

The aims of this study were three. First, to examine the degree of deviation from dictionary prescribed symbols and actual speech made by American English speakers. Second, to measure the frequency of vowel and consonant production of American English speakers. And third, to investigate gender differences in the segmental sounds in a speech corpus. The Buckeye Speech Corpus was recorded by forty American male and female subjects for one hour per subject. The vowels and consonants in both the phonemic and phonetic transcriptions were extracted from the original files of the corpus and their frequencies were obtained using codes of a free software R. Results were as follows: Firstly, the American English speakers produced a reduced number of vowels and consonants in daily conversation. The reduction rate from the dictionary transcriptions to the actual transcriptions was around 38.2%. Secondly, the American English speakers used more front high and back low vowels while three-fourths of the consonants accounted for stops, fricatives, and nasals. This indicates that the segmental inventory has nonlinear frequency distribution in the speech corpus. Thirdly, the two gender groups produced vowels and consonants similarly even though there were a few noticeable differences in their speech. From these results we propose that English teachers consider pronunciation education reflecting the actual speech sounds and that linguists find a way to establish unmarked segmentals from speech corpora.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.866-878
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• 2014

On Korean websites, people often use several Korean vowels or consonants solely, which is the way to express emotion. This way of expression has scarcely been examined seriously, though it is one of the most popular online slangs. This is an exploratory study that reveals how and how much these expressions are used on social media. Data crawling technique was used as a way to examine the usage of vowels and consonants in ordinary situations. 6 'Facebook pages' popular among Korean users are selected, and about 2.5 million comments are collected from posts in those pages. 10 expressions, including 'ㅋ(K)', 'ㅎ(H)', 'ㅜ(U)', are counted and analyzed from the collected texts of comments. As a result, several patterns of using vowels and consonants are found. Especially, 'ㅋ(K)' is used much more frequently than other vowels or consonants, and used more continually. It is also found that the patterns of using vowels or consonants in writing comments changes as the mood of posts or the characteristics of Facebook pages.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1160-1169
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• 1997

This paper presents an algorithm to separate vowels from consonants in Korean characters captured in noisy environment andto recognize them. The algorithm has been originally developed for recognition of the usage code (which is represented by a single Korean character) in the license plates of Korean vehicles. It, however, could be easily adopted to other applications with minor changes, in which character recognition is needed and the environment is noisy. The key ideas of the algorithm are to localize the vowels utilizing Hough transformation and to separate the vowels from consonants utilizing mathematical morphology. We observed that the presented algorithm effectively separates vowels even if the vowels and consonants are joined together after thresholding. We also observed that our algorithm outperforms some conventional algorithms especially when the input images are noisy. The details of the comparison study are presented in the paper.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제61호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2007

The present study investigates acoustic cues of russian soft plosive consonants. In previous studies, russian soft consonants are distinguished from hard consonants by F1, F2 of following vowels. The result showed: (1) that F0 of soft plosive consonants in following vowels were lower than those of hard plosive consonants; (2) and that VOT of soft plosive consonants were longer than those of hard plosive consonants. Hence, the present that, in addition to F1, F2, VOT and F0 are detected as acoustic cues that differentiate soft plosive consonants from hard plosive consonant in Russian.

• 전자공학회논문지B
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• 제31B권1호
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• pp.11-22
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• 1994

For the conventional systme based on word, it is very difficult to enlarge the number of vocabulary. To cope with this problem, we must use more fundamental units of speech. For example, syllables and phonemes are such units, Korean speech consists of initial consonants, middle vowels and final consonants and has characteristic that we can obtain syllables from speech easily. In this paper, we show a speech recognition system with the advantage of the syllable characteristics peculiar to the Korean speech. The algorithm of recognition system is the Time Delay Neural Network. To recognize many recognition units, system consists of initial consonants, middle vowels, and final consonants recognition neural network. At first, our system recognizes initial consonants, middle vowels and final consonants. Then using this results, system recognizes isolated words. Through experiments, we got 85.12% recognition rate for 2735 data of initial consonants, 86.95% recognition rate for 3110 data of middle vowels, and 90.58% recognition rate for 1615 data of final consonants. And we got 71.2% recognition rate for 250 data of isolated words.