• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1989.10a
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• pp.999-1004
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• 1989

This paper discusses a new method of recognizing patterns employing consistent labeling. A consistent labeling problem is a generalized expression of constraint satisfaction problems. When a pattern is recognized by pattern matching, the matching between a reference pattern and an acquired pattern resolves itself into finding correspondence between the pixels on the former and those on the latter. This can be expressed as a consistent labeling problem. Pattern association, a variation of pattern recognition, is also described employing consistent labeling. The proposed technique is supported by experimental results, yet further studies need to be done before its practical use.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.442-445
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• 1996

This paper proposes a technique for analyzing mutual relation of an entangled cord by consistent labeling. Cords are often entangled unexpectedly and sometimes they even produce knots. The purpose of this study is to provide an algorithm to resolve such entangled cords automatically. It may as well have applications in future to recognizing the structure of tree branches, angiography, abdominal intestines, etc.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.119-139
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• 2022

This paper deals with the λ-labeling and L(2, 1)-coloring of simple graphs. A λ-labeling of a graph G is any labeling of the vertices of G with different labels such that any two adjacent vertices receive labels which differ at least two. Also an L(2, 1)-coloring of G is any labeling of the vertices of G such that any two adjacent vertices receive labels which differ at least two and any two vertices with distance two receive distinct labels. Assume that a partial λ-labeling f is given in a graph G. A general question is whether f can be extended to a λ-labeling of G. We show that the extension is feasible if and only if a Hamiltonian path consistent with some distance constraints exists in the complement of G. Then we consider line graph of bipartite multigraphs and determine the minimum number of labels in L(2, 1)-coloring and λ-labeling of these graphs. In fact we obtain easily computable formulas for the path covering number and the maximum path of the complement of these graphs. We obtain a polynomial time algorithm which generates all Hamiltonian paths in the related graphs. A special case is the Cartesian product graph K_n☐K_n and the generation of λ-squares.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.100-111
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of current nutrition labeling on the packaging of the processed foods that provide consumers with a reliable and consistent source of information, which has been considered as a useful aid for food selection and a potent educational tool for nutrition in daily life. The 2,160 processed foods purchased at the supermarket on September, 2002, were divided by food category issued from the 2002 food codes and assessed in the terms of the nutrition composition labeling and nutrition claims. Nutrition composition labeling was found on 356 of the 2160 processed foods items. Milk and dairy products had 49.7％ of nutrition composition labeling, which was the largest number among the food category. Tables were most frequently used as the type of nutrition composition labeling (79.8％). Nutrition composition including many different ways of expression, such as a table of nutrition composition, indication of nutrition composition, analysis table of nutrition composition and comparative table of nutrition composition, made frequent use of nutrition composition labeling titles (78.7％). The various unit of measures were use in the nutrition labeling of the processed foods, per l00g or 100$m\ell$ was the highest (44.6％) under the currently practiced nutrition labeling. The correct labeling standard with nutrient content and ％ RDA except energy, was used on 47.8％ of labels, and those with only liability indication nutrient and liability indication nutrients plus discretion indication nutrients were 25.3 and 22.5％ respectively. The processed foods with nutrition claims were 8.0％ (172 items). Nutrition claims were divided in two ways: nutrient content claims and nutrient comparative claims. The most frequently used claims were contained in the former (44.4％) and more or plus in the latter case (16.3％). Ca was the most popular item as a nutrition claim nutrient (50.6％).

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

Adverse drug reactions (ADR) caused by inappropriate prescription are responsible for major socioeconomic loss. Drug-drug interactions (DDI) has been recognized as a major part of ADRs and, therefore, healthcare professionals should prevent possible DDIs to minimize preventable ADRs. This study aimed to examine DDI information in drug information references and Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) drug labeling information. Drug ingredients from the formulary of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea (HIRA) were included for the study. DDI information source used for the study were Micromedex Drugdex and Drug Information Facts (DIF) with the DDI severity level of "moderate" or more. The DDI information in KFDA drug labeling were collected and compared. Drug ingredients were classified with KFDA Drug Classification and ATC Classification of WHO for the analysis. Among the total 1,355 drug ingredients satisfying inclusion criteria, 738 ingredients involved at least one DDI, which was described in Micromedex and/or DIF. Drug Ingredients of 176 involved DDI only described in KFDA drug labeling, but not Micromedex nor DIF. Drug ingredients of 35 which DDIs were described in Micromedex or DIF did not have DDI based on KFDA drug labeling. Micromedex and DIF retrieved 7,582 and 3,071 DDIs, respectively 57.6% and 58.5% of DDIs were also described in KFDA drug labeling. Central nervous system (CNS) drugs, cardiovascular system (CVS) drugs and the antiinfectives appeared to have higher frequency of DDIs among all drug classes. The highest number of DDIs with high severity level ("contraindicated" or "major") were the DDIs of CNS drugs. The antiinfectives are the second drug group having serious DDIs. The DDI pairs of the CNS drug and the antiinfective had the highest contraindication risk (13.6%). DDI information from Micromedex and DIF were not consistent with the result that only 465 ingredients' DDIs are common in both literature (total DDI numbers were 715 vs 488, respectively). And 1,652 DDI information are common in both references among 7,582 vs 3,071 DDIs, respectively. Only 55.2% of DDI information in the database contained in the KFDA drug labeling. Prescribers and pharmacists should pay attention to the drugs for CV system, CNS and infections because of higher risk of possible DDIs compared to other drug classes. KFDA drug labeling is not likely to be recommended as a good information source for DDI due to significant inconsistency of information. Drug information providers should be aware that DDI information from different sources are not consistent and therefore multiple references should be used.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.29-45
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were to determine what factors influence risk perceptions of females and males for milk produced using food-related biotechnology, to test whether risk perceptions or other factors influence self-protection actions and to estimate milk demand response in light of self-protection actions and other economic and demographic factors. The expected utility model was applied to explain the way consumers would take self-protection actions regarding risk perceptions and to drive milk demand. Telephone interviews were conducted and the data were collected from households(females=1,029, males=437) nationwide in the U.S. And the data were analyzed by Heckman two-step method using the software package LIMDEP. Risk perceptions were found to be influenced not by demographic factors but by outrage factors as well as attitudinal factors in both females and males, although some factors were different. In addition, risk perceptions and labeling availability were found to significantly influence self-protection actions in both groups. Furthermore, as an important concern in this study, self-protection action was found to significantly influence milk demand in only male group, implying a consistent behavior of males. Also milk price and household size were found to significantly influence milk demand in both groups. In fact, the results did demonstrate that labeling availability significantly influenced self-protection actions. That is, in markets where labeled laternatives were present, concerned consumers were more likely to self protect by substituting to these products. A policy implication of this result is that labeling food products produced using biotechnology enhances consumer choice. Hence, consumer could express a more accurate demand response and reduce the perceived food safety risk. Furthermore, education for females might be necessary to have a consistent behavior because self-protection action did not significantly influence female's milk demand, though they have greater risk perceptions than males have.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2011

In this study, we analyzed the academic library websites in terms of information structure, navigation, and labeling system. The study showed that the information structure was linear. In analyzing 8 library sites, we found many common top-level categories but ultimately, the number of main menu ranged from 4 to 15 categories. Also, the results showed that the sites used a sub-domain such as mobile, or just m to keep it short. It seemed to keep the mobile site part of the library site without creating confusion. Finally, Labeling in some mobile sites was not clear and consistent.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.686-691
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• 2017

Telemarketing has become the center of marketing action of the industry in the information society. Recently, machine learning has emerged in many areas, especially, financial prediction. Financial data consists of lots of unlabeled data in most parts, and therefore, it is difficult for humans to perform their labeling. In this paper, we propose a fusion method of semi-supervised learning for automatic labeling of unlabeled data to predict telemarketing. Specifically, we integrate labeling results of label propagation and co-training with a decision tree. The data with lower reliabilities are removed, and the data are extracted that have consistent label from two labeling methods. After adding them to the training set, a decision tree is learned with all of them. To confirm the usefulness of the proposed method, we conduct the experiments with a real telemarketing dataset in a Portugal bank. Accuracy of the proposed method is 83.39%, which is 1.82% higher than that of the conventional method, and precision of the proposed method is 19.37%, which is 2.67% higher than that of the conventional method. As a result, we have shown that the proposed method has a better performance as assessed by the t-test.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.115-138
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide general principles to be used in designing university websites from the perspective of information architecture. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation criteria of web sites were developed based on information architecture principles. The students taking IA class were directly involved in constructing the evaluation criteria and they can be classified into four categories: 1) information organization; 2) navigation system; 3) labeling system; and searching system. These criteria were employed in evaluating twenty randomly selected university websites in Korea. General principles to be used in designing university websites were developed based on the findings of the study. They are composed of four major components in designing: 1) systematic information organization; 2) flexible navigation system; 3) consistent labeling system; and 4) efficient searching system.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the sizing system and size designation of ready-made jackets for women. We survey the sizing system and size labeling that have been used and presently practiced by the domestic garment industry of ready-made woman's jacket. In addition, 264 tailored jackets are measured for the sake of this study. The jackets are classified into 3 groups(young, missy, and madame) according to the target age of the brand. The result shows that size labeling involves body measurements(85-94-160), size code(55, 66) or simplified letter(S, M, L). However, the correspondence of size information and ease tolerances of jackets is not consistent and each company has its own sizing system. There are significant differences among young, missy, and madame group on the bust girth of apparel in 66size code. The average apparel size piteh measurement distributions(bust girth and hip girth respectively) of young group are 9cm and 13cm in 55 size code, those of missy group are 7 em and 3 cm in 66 size code, and those of madame group are 6cm and 4cm in 77 size code. The ease of bust girth and hip girth in missy group are much more than other groups.