• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2007

Purpose: We analyzed the location and type of meniscus tear associated with ACL rupture in order to estimate and prepare whether the meniscus tear is in a repairable location. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 78 cases who had ACL reconstructive surgery due to ACL rupture. We set the period of acute injury on the basis of under 12 months after trauma. The location and type of meniscus tear was analyzed in accordance with MRI findings and arthroscopic findings. Results: The 50 cases of meniscus tear were detected out of the 78 ACL rupture;32 cases were lateral meniscus tears, 24 were medial meniscus tears and 6 cases were both menisci tears. From a total of 56 meniscus tears, 30 cases were longitudinal tears, 22 cases were red-red zone tears and 35 cases(62%) were posterior horn tears. Conclusion: The most common type of meniscus tear associated with ACL rupture war longitudinal tear at the red-red zone or meniscosynovial junction. Majority of the tears located at that place can be healed with conservative treatment, arthroscopic meniscus suture.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2010

Purpose: This study analyzed the characteristics of stable pelvic bone fractures with intra-abdominal solid organ injury. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed from January 2000 to December 2009 of patients with stable pelvic bone fractures. A stable pelvic bone fracture according to Young's classification is defined as a lateral compression type I and antero-posterior compression type I. Subjects were divided into two groups, one with (injured group) and one without (non-injured group) intra-abdominal solid organ injury, to evaluate the dependences of the characteristics on the presence of an intra-abdominal solid organ injury. Data including demographics, mechanism of injury, initial hemodynamic status, laboratory results, Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), amount of transfusion, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality were analyzed. Results: The subjects were 128 patients with a mean age of 42 years old, of whom were 67 male patients (52.3%). The injured group had 21 patients(16.4%), and the most frequent injured solid organ was the liver. Traffic accident was the most common mechanism of injury and lateral compression was the most common type of fracture in all groups. Initial systolic blood pressure was lower in the injured group, and the ISS was greater in the injured group. Arterial pH was lower in the injured group, and shock within 24 hours after arrival at the emergency department was more frequent in the injured group. Transfused packed red blood cells within 24 hours were 8 patients(38.1%) in the injured group and 11 patients(10.3%) in the non-injured group. Conservative treatment was the most common therapeutic modality in all groups. Stay in the ICU was longer in the injured group, and three mortalities occurred. Conclusion: There is a need to decide on a diagnostic and therapeutic plan regarding the possibility of intra-abdominal solid organ injury for hemodynamically unstable patients with stable pelvic bone fractures and for patients with stable pelvic bone fractures along with multiple associated injuries.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.145-150
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• 2014

Purpose: To assess the accuracy and role of single-contrast computed tomography (CT) in the management of anterior abdominal stab wound (AASW). Methods: During 8-years period, single-contrast CT was performed in 21 hemodynamically stable AASW patients (age range, 22-64 years; median age, 45 years), including 19 men and 2 women. CT scans were evaluated by one trauma surgeon and one senior resident to determine the depth of injury(peritoneal violation or not), and abnormal findings of intraperitoneal cavity associated with stab injury. We retrospectively reviewed medical records regarding operative findings. Results: Nine patients underwent abdominal surgery and 12 patients nonoperative management. In the abdominal surgery group, abnormal CT findings included peritoneal violation in 14 patients and abnormal intraperitoneal cavity findings in 5 patients. There was no statistical significant difference regarding abnormal CT findings between abdominal surgery group and nonoperative management group. Among the nine abdominal surgery patients, therapeutic laparotomy was performed on 4 patients. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of peritoneal violation to predictive therapeutic laparotomy were 28.6% and 100%, respectively. In addition, the PPV and NPV of abnormal intraperitoneal cavity CT findings to predict therapeutic laparotomy were 40.0% and 87.5%, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference regarding the abnormal CT findings between therapeutic laparotomy group and non therapeutic laparotomy group. Conclusion: CT is a good adjunctive method to evaluate hemodynamicaly stable AASW patients. If peritoneal violation is not seen on CT scan, conservative treatment on local wound may be safely performed without additional abdominal surgery. However, further study is warranted to evaluate the exact role of CT in the diagnostic workup of AASW patients.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.656-669
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• 1998

Hydrogen peroxide at high concentration during walking bleaching may cause damage to the tooth structure and to the surrounding periodontal tissues and may develop external root resorption. Clinically, It is so important to find a method of prevention or minimization of these complications. The efficacy of various chamber-irrigating agents to eliminate residual hydrogen peroxide after walking bleaching was examined and compared with water rinse in this study. Extracted human 46 premolars without any cementoenamel junction defects were treated endodontically and based with IRM to 1 mm below CEJ and totally bleached 3 times for each tooth with 30% hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate. Upon completion of the 3rd walking bleaching procedure, the cervical portion and pulp chamber of each group of teeth were irrigated with catalase, 70% ethylalcohol, acetone, and distilled water. And then, a radicular hydrogen peroxide penetration was measured with spectrophotometer immediately after each bleaching and following treatment with each chamber-irrigating agents, and the significance of their eliminating efficacy of residual hydrogen peroxide was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. The results were obtained as follows. 1. Cervical root penetration of hydrogen peroxide was increased as the bleaching procedure was repeated(P<.01). 2. The most effective irrigant that removed residual hydrogen peroxide was the catalase, and the least effective one was water rinsing (P<.01).; there was no significant difference between the acetone and ethanol group. 3. The Irrigation with antioxidant enzyme or water-displacement solutions can eliminate residual oxygen radicals from the pulp chamber effectively after walking bleaching. So, these agents can reduce adverse effects such as cervical external resorption and periapical inflammation and prevent residual $O_2$ from impeding composite resin polymerization, thus increase the bonding strength of composite resin. This, in turn reduces microleakage and discoloration of the esthetic restoration, extending its service-life.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2011

Ranula is a mucosal cyst that occurs in the mouth floor. This is a pseudo cyst caused by mucous retention within the tissue due to the rupture of catheter in the salivary gland. Ranula occurs mainly in a unilateral form and is characterized by painless bluish transparent swelling, with a increasing mass size. If the size is large, it can cause discomfort during swallowing, pronounciation, and mastication, but external swelling and infection is rare. Treatments include observation for spontaneous resolution, simple incision and drainage, marsupialization and excision. Marsupialization done by removing parts of the cyst wall and connecting it to the oral mucosa. It is a conservative procedure and recommended for children. It has advantages such as maintaining outline of oral tissue and less risk of damaging anatomic structure. Recurrence is common, mostly occurring within 4 months after surgery. This case is about a eight-year-old girl with ranula on the right mouth floor. This patient was treated with marsupialization that is one of treatment for ranula, and recurrence was not observed.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2005

Esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula accounts for 7-11 % of all types of esophageal atresia and is very difficult to treat. In our hospital from 1990 to 2005, we operated upon 40 patients with esophageal atresia, and 6 had pure atresia. The preoperative characteristics, operative findings and post operative course of the six patients with pure atresia were analysed. Immediate gastrostomy was performed in all 6 patients. One patient had simultaneous cervical esophagostomy. Esophageal reconstruction procedures were transhiatal gastric pull up in 3 patients, esophagocologastrostomy utilizing left colon in 1, and transthoracic esophagoseophagostomy with esophageal bougination in 2. Postoperative complications were pneumonia, anastomosis leakage, and gastroesophageal reflux symptom. Conservative management was effective in all patients. A larger series of cases would be required to demonstrate the most effective treatment for this particular anomalous condition.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2018

Objective: To evaluate the pregnancy rate and time to pregnancy after timed coitus with or without superovulation in infertile young women younger than 35 years old with low serum $anti-M{\ddot{u}}llerian$ hormone (AMH) levels ( < 25th percentile). Methods: A total of 202 patients younger than 35 years old were recruited retrospectively between 2010 and 2012. Ninety-eight women had normal serum AMH levels (25-75th percentile), 75 women had low serum AMH levels (5th ${\leq}$ & < 25th percentile) and 29 women had very low serum AMH levels ( < 5th percentile), according to reference values for their age group. Results: The clinical pregnancy rate was positively associated with AMH levels, but this trend did not reach statistical significance (43.9% vs. 41.3% vs. 27.6% in the normal, low, and very low AMH groups, respectively). The time to pregnancy was longer in the very low AMH group than in the normal AMH group ($13.1{\pm}10.9months$ vs. $6.9{\pm}6.1months$, p= 0.030). The cumulative live birth rate over 18 months was lower in the very low AMH group than in the normal AMH group, with marginal significance (20.0% vs. 55.9%, p= 0.051). The duration of infertility was negatively correlated with achieving pregnancy (odds ratio, 0.953; 95% confidence interval, 0.914-0.994; p= 0.026). Conclusion: Conservative management, such as timed coitus with or without superovulation, should be considered in young patients who have low ovarian reserve without any infertility factors. However, for women with a long duration of infertility or very low serum AMH levels, active infertility treatment should be considered.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.418-435
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• 2001

Root canal preparation process is of utmost importance in successful treatment of root canal. Also, one of the most important purpose of the root canal preparation is to enlarge the root canal three dimensionally without changing the curvature of the root canal However as the curvature of the root canal increases, there are many difficulties involved in formation of optimum root canal. Therefore in order to solve the above mentioned problems, new developments in methods of root canal preparation and equipments for such purposes were made. Recently, vigorous studies about newly introduced engine-driven nickel-ti-tanium rotary file are conducted. As shown in research results to dates, it is well established that the use of nickel-titanium file is better suited for curved root canal than stainless steel file in maintaining the curvature or root canal and reducing the deformation of root canal. However it is also acknowledged that there are a few discrepancies in research results according to protocol, due to failure to remove variables in experiments. In addition, although it is recommended by the manufacturer that the GT rotary file should maintain a low rotational speed of 150~350rpm and 'light pressure' as light as not to break the lead of a pencil, academic studies about the vertical force which is not yet standardized are not sufficiently explored. Therefore, this research devised and utilized a special research equipment to standardize the appropriate range of vertical force for GT rotary file through experiments by breaking of the lead of a pencil as expressed by the manufacturer and to accurately measure factors involved through repeating and recreating the environment of root canal preparation. Forming nine experimental groups by varying the vertical forces (150g. 220g, 300g) and rpm (150rpm, 250rpm, 350rpm), the effects of changing vertical forces and rpm on working efficiency were measured in terms of time expended in root canal preparation by crown-down method using a transparent resin block with 35 degree curvature and GT rotary file (z-test). The following research using this special research equipment that involved nine experimental groups and varying the vertical force for root canal preparation from 300g which is within the normal vertical force range to 700g and 1000g which fall outside the normal rpm range. The results were as follows : 1. Analysis of the experiment results revealed that the time spent in root canal preparation decreased as the vertical forces and rpm increased (p<0.05). Also, the effects of rpm were greater than those of the vertical forces within the normal vertical force range ($\beta$-weight test). 2. Observation of the deformation of GT rotary file revealed that deformation increases in a direct correlation with the vertical force increase and in a reverse correlation with the rpm decrease. In the case of the vertical forces close to the normal range, the probability of GT rotary file deformation were quite different depending on the rpm changes. In the case of greater vertical forces, the occurrences of deformation of the file were more frequent regardless of the rpm changes. 3. Deformation and breakage of file were also commonly observed in the expended time measurement experiments and GT rotary file deformation experiments in which low speed rpm (150rpm) was used and at the curved portion of the resin block.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the method of dynamic sonographic measurements in the evaluation of the MCL injury of the knee joint while applying valgus and varus stress. Materials and Methods: Seven cases of MCL injury from January to April of 2008 was used for the study. For the evaluation of the medial instability, sonography was used immediately after injury, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after conservative treatment with limited motion brace. The length between the foot of the medial femoral epicondyle and the most proximal point of the tibial cortex was measured in 30 degrees flexion with valgus and varus stress of the knee joint. Results: The foot of the medial epicondyle and the starting point of the proximal tibial cortex underneath the round portion of the articular cartilage were always able to be seen on ultrasonography, even in varus and valgus stress with gravity in 30 degrees flexion of the knee joint. The results of measurements were always constant. Conclusion: Sonography can be used in evaluation of medial instability under the dynamic valgus and varus stress of the knee joint without further injury.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.323-334
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of dentin surface conditioners on the dentin surfaces. Freshly extracted human molars were used in this study. They were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ saline solution before experiment. The crown portions of the teeth were cut in various directions by means of wet diamond point to expose dentin which include transverse, vertical oblique, horizontal and oblique cut to the long axis (Fig. 1). Each tooth was then mounted with self curing acrylic resin in brass ring to expose the flattened dentin surfaces. Final finish was accomplished by grinding the dentin specimens with wet No. 180 and No. 600 grit silicon carbide abrasive paper until a 6.0mm in diameter on a dentin surface was exposed without pulp exposure. The specimens were divided into 9 groups according to the modes of dentin treatment procedure. The following surface treatments were applied on these preparation surfaces; Group 1: unetched (control group) after finish with No. 600 silicon carbide abrasive paper. Group 2: etched with 30% phosphoric acid for 60s Group 3: etched with 10-3 solution for 60s Group 4: Cleaned with 5% NaOCl for 30s Group 5: applied Dentin Adhesit Group 6: cleaned with 5% NaOCl followed by applying the Dentin Adhesit$^{(R)}$ Group 7: applied Photo Bond on the unetched dentin followed by applying the Photo Clearfil Bright Group 8: Etched with 30% phosphoric acid followed by applying Photo Bond and Photo Clearfil Bright Group 9: etched with 10-3 solution followed by applying Photo Bond and Photo Clearfil Bright All the specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ under 50% relative humidity for 24 hours before observations. The specimens in 7, 8, and 9 group, omitting the group 1 to 6, were demineralized in 10% HCl for 10s in order to observe the resin tags. All the specimens in each group were then dried at room temperature. The dried specimens were ion coated with Eiko ion coater (Eiko-engineering Co.), and observed in Hitachi S-430 Scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, Co. Tokyo) at 15KV. The following results were obtained as follows; 1. The smear layers were still remained in group 1,2,4,5, and 6. 2. There is no effect of 5% NaOCl and 30% phosphoric acid on the changes of dentin morphology 3. The dentin treated with 10-3 solution, indicating the tubules opened when the smear layer and the dental plug dissolved. 4. In case of applying the bonding agents the resin tag was not formed at the deep area of dentinal tubules, but in case of applying the Dentin Adhesit$^{(R)}$ that was not.