• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2012

For a member subjected to direct shear forces, forces are transferred across interface concrete area and resisted by shear transfer capacity. Shear-friction equations in recent concrete structural design provisions are derived from experimental test results where shear-friction capacity is defined as a function of steel reinforcement area contained in the interface. This empirical equation gave too conservative values for concrete members with large amounts of reinforcement. This paper presents a method to evaluate shear transfer strengths and to define ultimate conditions which result in crushing of concrete struts after yielding of longitudinal reinforcement perpendicular to the interface concrete. This method is based on the bi-axial stress field theory where different constitutive laws are applied in various means to gain accurate shear strengths by considering softening effects of concrete struts based on the modified compression-field theory and the softened truss model. The validity of the proposed method is examined by applying to some selected test specimens in literatures and results are compared with recent design code provisions. A general agreement is observed between predicted and measured values at ultimate loading stages in initially uncracked normal-strength concrete test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2008

The Ilsun Bridge is the world's longest box girder bridge(801m) with corrugated steel webs and has the widest width($21.2{\sim}30.9m$: tri-cellular cross section) among these kinds of composite girder bridges. It has fourteen spans(50m, 10 at 60m, 50m, 2 at 50.5m) where twelve spans are erected by the incremental launching method and two spans by full staging method. Special topics related to the structural safety of prestressed concrete box girder bridge with corrugated steel web in construction stage and service were reviewed. Investigations focus on the span-to-depth ratio, shear stress of corrugated steel webs and optimization of tile length of steel launching nose. The span-to-depth ratio of Ilsun bridge has been found to be well-planned while the corrugated steel web has been designed highly conservative and it has been observed that the conventional nose-deck interaction equation do not fit well with corrugated steel web bridges. As a result, detailed construction stage analysis was performed to check the stress levels and the safety of preceding design conditions. Finally, from the design review of Ilsun bridge, this study suggests optimal design issues which should be of interest in designing a prestressed concrete box girder bridge with corrugated steel webs.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.792-798
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• 1998

Background: There are various tracheal diseseas which cause the obstruction of the trachea: postintubation tracheal stenosis, tracheal cancer, thyroid cancer, endotracheal tuberculosis, et al. Recently surgical resection and reconstruction of the trachea has been adopted as the safe method for tracheal lesions. Materials and methods: We report our experience and results of resection and reconstruction for various obstructive tracheal lesions in 38cases from 1985 to 1996. Length of resection of the trachea was up to 6 cm. Twenty lesions were approached by cervical collar incision, 12 lesions by cervicosternal incision and 4cases needed transthoracic approach. Surgical procedures consisted of resection and tracheotracheal anastomosis in 32 cases, resection and laryngotracheal anastomosis in 6cases and in addition laryngeal release was necessary to release anastomotic tension in 3cases. Results: The complications were 4 minor wound infections, 2 mild suture line granulomas, 1 vocal cord palsy, 2 pneumonias and 1 systemic candidiasis. Two patients who had poor consciousness and pnemonia and one who developed systemic candidiasis were expired after operation. Conclusion: We suggests resection and reconstruction of trachea is optimal procedure for up to 6cm long tracheal lesions. However, for the patients with poor consciousness or poor general conditions would be the conservative treatment preferred to the tracheal reconstruction because of high serious complications and mortalities.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.438-444
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• 2016

To enhance the esthetic appearance, the maxillary anterior area is important. It is possible to improve the esthetic appearance through the treatment of maxillary anterior area, which includes altering the color, form, and arrangement of teeth. When planning these treatments, clinicians should individualize personal demands, by using the information obtained from facial, dento-labial, dental, and gingival analysis. It is essential to properly prepare the gingival structure, which includes the height of gingival margin, the location of zenith, reconstruction of the interdental papillae, emergence profile, and symmetry. Clinicians often face unfavorable condition of the gingiva and the edentulous ridge, and appropriate management of the gingival structure is needed. In this case report, the patients were treated to improve the gingival conditions surrounding maxillary anterior teeth. By using conservative treatment without surgical intervention, such as application of pink porcelain, subgingival contour modelling and modification of pontic base, satisfactory esthetic results were gained.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.539-547
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• 2016

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a typical myeloid malignancy characterized by cell dysplasia in bone marrow. Currently, there is no therapeutic treatment for MDS. The only available therapies either relieve symptoms or prevent the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study aimed to report the effects of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) on MDS by presenting two case reports. The patient in Case 1 was diagnosed with primary MDS and regularly received acupuncture treatments and herbal medicine. In Case 2, a patient with ovarian cancer was diagnosed with secondary MDS, which resulted from an adverse reaction to chemotherapy. This patient took herbal medicine for four years and was hospitalized three times. In order to have their condition evaluated, both patients underwent regular blood tests. The patient in Case 1, who showed blood transfusion dependency, received only two blood transfusions after TKM treatment, and the person’s health condition was stable as of January 2016 without any signs of AML development. The patient in Case 2 also has stable health condition. TKM treatment effectively treated their MDS symptoms and improved their general health conditions without any adverse effects. It also prevented the rapid development of AML and maximized the effects of conservative therapy.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.154-163
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• 1992

Bacterial abundance, production, and environmental parameters were investigated three times to study distribution of bacterial variables and to examine how estuarine mixing would influence the distribution of bacterial variables in the euphotic zone of the estuarine system of the Mankyung river and Dongjin river during a period of October, 1990-August, 1991. Although a limited number of investigations were made, bacterial abundance and production showed large variations from 0.4 to 5.8${\times}$10/SUP 9/ 1/SUP -1/ and from 0.1 to 22.2 ug C 1/SUP -1/ d/SUP -1/, respectively. The wide ranges of bacterial variables indicated very dynamic changes in conditions of bacterial growth in the estuary. Interestingly, bacterial abundance substantially increased with depth in most stations f shallow depth. but bacterial production remarkably decreased with depth. We propose that the observed distribution of bacterial abundance and production would be explained by estuarine mixing in the estuary. Analyses of mixing diagrams showed that estuarine mixing would mix conservatively bacteria and bacterial production. Further, estuarine mixing often seemed to cause an increase in bacterial abundance and reduction of bacterial production presumably due to resuspension of sediment. This suggests that roles of estuarine mixing would be significant in the distribution of bacterial abundance and production, and thus in biogeochemical cycles in the estuary.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2000

The predicted results of INDAC code were compared with measured $^3H$ concentrations in air and pine-needle around the Wolsung site. The optimal sets of input data to INDAC were in addition selected by comparing the measured values with the predicted values of INDAC based on various conditions such as the release modes of effluents into the environment, the classification of wind classes, and the consideration of terrain. The predicted $^3H$ concentrations in air and pine-needle were shown to have good agreement with measured values, although there are some limitations such as uncertainties in measured values, complex topology around the site, and the land-sea breeze effects. The assumption on the $^3H$ behavior in vegetables or plants that the ratio of $^3H$ concentration in plant water to $^3H$ concentration in atmospheric water is 1/2 was shown to be conservative in terms of the audit calculation performed by the regulator. It was also found that data sets based on mixed mode and no terrain data were not appropriate for the audit calculation ensuring the compliance with regulations. Thus, if the mixed mode is considered as the release mode of effluents into the environment, meteorological data measured at 58 m height and terrain data should be used to evaluate the atmospheric dispersion factor.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.47-58
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• 2014

This study explores methods for modeling the foundation-seabed interaction needed for the load analysis of an offshore wind energy system. It comprises the comparison study of foundation design load analyses for NREL 5 MW turbine according to various soil-foundation interaction models by conducting the load analysis with GH-Bladed, analysis software for offshore wind energy systems. Furthermore, the results of the aforementioned load analysis were applied to foundation analysis software called L-Pile to conduct a safety review of the foundation cross-section design. Differences in the cross-section of a monopile foundation were observed based on the results of the fixed model, winkler spring and coupled spring models, and the analysis of design load cases, including DLC 1.3, DLC 6.1a, and DLC 6.2a. Consequently, under all design load conditions, the diameter and thickness of the monopile foundation cross-section were found to be 7 m and 80 mm, respectively, using the fixed and coupled spring models; the results of the analysis conducted using the winkler spring model showed that the diameter and thickness of the monopile foundation cross-section were 5 m and 60 mm, respectively. The study found that the soil-foundation interaction modeling method had a significant impact on the load analysis results, which determined the cross-section of a foundation. Based on this study, it is anticipated that designing an offshore wind energy system foundation taking the above impact into account would reduce the possibility of a conservative or unconservative design of the foundation.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.468-478
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• 2009

This research was performed to provide basic data for the development of infection related dental hygiene studies by surveying the current condition of recognition among students in the department of dental hygiene toward hospital infection management while receiving the following results by using a personal self-administered survey method targeting 303 students in the department of dental hygiene from certain areas. 1. With the current condition of recognition on the sanitization and sterilization of instruments among students in the department of dental hygiene(study), the rate at which surgical instruments are to be sterilized with autoclaves was 79.9% which was relatively higher than other instruments while it was shown that prosthetic instruments for treatment was 56.4%, conservative instruments for treatment was 51.8%, and ultrasonic scaler tip was 51.1% while the way syringe tips(36.1%) and the dental anesthetic apparatus(27.9%) were revealed to require sanitization by alcohol. 2. The 'hand wash' area was the highest with 4.71 while the 'materials and environment management' area and 'equipment management' area appeared high respectively with 4.43 and 4.41. 3. With the current condition of recognition on equipment management, 'equipments used for contagious patients are separately washed after a one-time use and must be sterilized or separated-and-discarded' was the highest with 4.82 while 'sterilization equipments with humidity or water on it are considered contaminated and are not used' showed the lowest recognition level with 3.90. 4. Regarding the current condition of materials and environment management, 'contagious and general trash are separated and discarded' was the highest with 4.70 while 'the refrigerator for medicine storage is cleaned on a regular basis once a month' was revealed as the lowest with 4.11. 5. With the current condition of recognition on hand washing, 'one must wash their hands after coming in contact with contagious patients, was the highest with 4.90 while washing hands after taking off gloves' appeared as the lowest with 4.51 point. To conclude department of dental hygiene there is to infection management and necessary about organization disinfecting and pasteurization to strengthen an education in order raising a stamp helping practical ratio about the infection management which whole, is from presence at a sickbed and connection does and about the infection management which is substantial and educational program development leads feed with the fact that deepening studying which is continuous must become accomplished becomes.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.552-558
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• 2015

Background The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is characterized by three clinical features, namely cutaneous capillary malformations, venous malformations, and soft tissue and/or bony hypertrophy of the extremities. The varied manifestations are attributed to the unpredictable clinical nature and prognosis of the syndrome. To elucidate the clinical characteristics of this disease, we reviewed a relatively large number of KTS patients who presented to our vascular anomalies center. Methods We conducted a retrospective study with 19 patients who were diagnosed with KTS and treated in our vascular anomalies clinic between 2003 and 2014, and examined their demographic characteristics, their clinical features, and the treatments administered. Results The sex distribution was balanced, with 9 (47%) males and 10 (53%) females. The mean follow-up period was 4.1 years (range, 7 months-9 years). Most of the patients received conservative treatments such as medication or physiotherapy. Compression therapies such as wearing of elastic garments/bandages were also administered, and surgical interventions were considered only when the patients became excessively symptomatic. Other treatments included laser therapy and sclerotherapy, and all the treatments were adjusted according to each case, tailored to the conditions of the individual patients. Conclusions KTS is an extremely rare, multifactorial disorder that induces widely varied symptoms. Because of this unique feature, plastic surgeons, when not careful, tend to attach a one-sided importance to typical symptoms such as limb hypertrophy or capillary malformation and thus overlook other symptoms and clinical features. KTS can be suspected in all infants who show capillary malformations or limb hypertrophy and require a multi-disciplinary approach for comprehensive management.