• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.190-198
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• 2013

Ambers have been used mostly as beads, jewelry and ornaments from ancient times and excavated as a buried artifact. When excavated, they are severely weathered to be cracked, exfoliated and disintegrated. Monitoring of changes in composition of amber according to weathering is very important for diagnosing the condition of amber and applying conservation materials and techniques. In this study, we tried to find the components of amber by analyzing amber with pyrolysis/GC/MS. The changes in the composition of pyrolzates after artificial ageing for 60 days under heat and oxygen were also observed. Abietic acid was detected as a main component of fresh amber and monoterpene, alkene, aromatic hydrocarbon were detected as major pyrolyzates. Changes with artificial ageing was estimated by comparing the peak area ratio of 23 components, and it was found that abietic acid abruptly decreased in the presence of heat and oxygen together, revealing that oxygen is a key factor to the deterioration of amber. It was also tried to understand the weathered surface of original amber gemstone based on the result of this ageing experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.260-269
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to interpretate the tools and the method of making wooden artifacts by analyzing the trace of tools on the surface of wooden artifacts estimated to be from the 2nd to the 4th century. As a result of analyzing the trace of tools on the surface of 97 items of wood artifacts, it was confirmed that various tools such as rhizome, chisel, claw, hand knife and ax were used to make these artifacts. Particularly, the marks of the turning knife and the turning lathe were confirmed, and it was found that the method of turning operation was used at this time. In addition, it was confirmed that both the Nunjil (tangential process) and the Seonjil (longitudinal process) were used to produce the wooden container artifacts by turning operation. It observes that proper processing method operation was applied to manufacture wooden container artifact depending on its form and intended use.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

Indigo (Polygonum tinctorium L.) is a typical blue dye which had been used from ancient times. This study was going to shade the complicated traditional methods extracting indigo dye by the fermentation and producing as adsorbate on calcium hydroxide, which says so called as the 'Indigo lime'. Accordingly we were going to make indigo through the hydrolysis of the hot water extractives of indigo leaves simply. During hot-water extraction, ${\beta}$-glucosidase which required hydrolysis of the linkage between indigo and glucose was not activated. To achieve this goal, indican was acid-hydrolyzed to glucose and indigo. The acetic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid were used for the hydrolysis of hot water extractives. The hydrolysis conditions of extractives performed in water bath at $80^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes and in an autoclave for 120 minutes. In the acid hydrolysis of extracted indican by hot water, the indican yields of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid hydrolysis were higher than sulfuric acid in water bath. Also, the indican yield of hydrochloric acid hydrolysis was better than sulfuric acid in autoclave. The hot water extracted indican was confirmed by HPLC analysis and its structure was confirmed by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy, compared with isolated indigo and commercial synthesized indigo. This improved extraction and hydrolysis methods can be replace the traditional indigo making method.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.23-39
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• 2011

The Sungnyemun roofing tiles were twice disassembled for maintenance work, in 1963 and 1997, and modern tiles were applied in 1997. However, besides differing in visual appearance, the modern tiles had distinctly different physical properties. A study has been carried out on 22 different tiles, including original Sungnyemun tiles, modern tiles applied during maintenance, traditional tiles made by tile-makers, and others, to examine their physical properties, such as bending strength, frost resistance, absorption, whole-rock magnetic susceptibility, chromaticity, differential thermal analysis, and other characteristics. Since the method of making modern tiles involves compressing clay in a vacuum, modern tiles showed relatively greater bending strength and specific gravity, while Sungnyemun tiles and those made by tile-makers, in comparison, demonstrated less bending strength and specific gravity owing to their production method of 'treading,' in which clay is mixed by having someone tread upon it repeatedly. Over time, the absorption rate of the original tile used for Sungyemun gradually decreased from 21% to 14.7%; traditional tiles from tile-makers showed absorption rates of 17%, while the absorption rate of modern tiles was just 1%, which is significantly low. As for frost resistance, Sungnyemun tiles and traditional tiles from tile-makers showed cracking and exfoliation after being subjected to testing 4 or 5 times, while slight cracking was seen on the surface for modern tiles after 1ngy, or 3 times. In other words, no significant difference from influence by frost was found. According to the results of differential thermal analysis, the plastic temperature was shown to have been no less than 1, $on^{\circ}C$ for all types of tile, and cristobalite was measuredthrough XRD analysis from a Sungnyemun female tile applied during maintenance in 1963, which appeared to have been plasticized at between $1,200^{\circ}C{\sim}1,300^{\circ}C$. Based on these research results on the physical properties of tiles from the Sungnyemun roof, a fundamental production method for tiles to be applied in the restoration of Sungnyemun has been identified.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2014

Consolidants were extended use for conservation of weathered stone heritage. Epoxy, acryl, isocyanate, and alkoxysilane consolidants are most commonly used products. Consolidant of 1T1G_5 wt 0.08 % that consists of T (TEOS: Tetraethyl Orthosilicate) and G (GPTMS: 3-Glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane) were used this study. A shore hardness values show increasing after treated with consolidant in granite. Surface brightness after treated with consolidant are changing slightly dark but turns the original color over time. Ultra-sonic velocity is increased after treated with consolidant but slightly reduced over time to remain constant. It has the advantage of being effective after treated with consolidant in granite and efficiency of consolidation increase with slow velocity before treated with consolidant.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.24
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• pp.187-213
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• 2003

Sungseonsa Temple site in Chungju city in Chungcheongbuk-doProvince is written in "Goryeosa" as a building for Queen Sinmyeongsunseong, the mother of Gwangjong in AD 954 in Goryeo Dynasty. The museum in Chungcheong University takes charge of the excavation for 3 times from 2000 to 2002 and identified that its construction was carried out till Joseon Dynasty. Among the iron artifacts from the first excavation such as a weeding hoe, a hand knife, a lock, two nails and a plow which had conservation treatments, the sample was collected. Its micro-structure and method of manufacture were investigated. Excavation report for those artifacts has not published yet, therefore, the date of each artifacts is not clearly confirmed. The samples were collected from each part of the objects and then embedded in epoxy resin and etched with nitric acid. The examination of its microstructure is carried out under the microscope and the hardness values were measured by Vickers hardness tester. From the results, some artifacts show different manufacture method sin the each parts. The forming processes of the iron weeding hoe and the iron sickle are similar but the blade of iron weeding hoe was strengthened by carbonization whereas the blade of the iron sickle was done by quenching. The hand knife and the nails were produced through almost same methods and shows similar microstructures. The hand knife seems to be made by repeated beating and folding in low temperature resulting in fine crystallization, but the nail shows large crystallization due to processes in high temperature. Lock is made of white cast iron, that does not show any heat treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2018

It was estimated that the Imdang-dong site of Gyungsan was constructed in the 2nd to 4th century based on excavated layers and artifacts. This study was carried out to verify the result using the dendrochronological analysis of six wooden pillars excavated at the site. As a result, it was proven that 6 specimens were not cut at the same age because their tree-ring chronologies were not synchronized each other. And more, it was reconfirmed in wiggle matching dating as confirming two of them were dated to A.D. 94-135 and A.D. 224-289, respectively. It was coincided with the above-mentioned estimated age. In wood identification, most of them were identified as Hovenia dulcis Thunb., Tilia spp., Ulmus spp. which grow usually under cool environment. Based on the result, we could conclude that the climate at that time was cooler than the present.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5D
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• pp.527-532
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• 2012

Terrestrial LiDAR emerges as a main mapping technology for indoor 3D cadastre, cultural heritage conservation and, building management in that it provides fast, accurate, and reliable 3D data. In this paper, a new 3D modeling method consisting of segmentation stage and outline extraction stage is proposed to develop indoor 3D model from the terrestrial LiDAR. In the segmentation process, RANSAC and a refinement grid is used to identify points that belong to identical planar planes. In the outline tracing process, a tracing grid and a data conversion method are used to extract outlines of indoor 3D models. However, despite of an improvement of productivity, the proposed approach requires an optimization process to adjust parameters such as a threshold of the RANSAC and sizes of the refinement and outline extraction grids. Furthermore, it is required to model curvilinear and rounded shape of the indoor structures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2019

The Royal Tomb of the Joseon Dynasty, which was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2009, is a cultural resource recognized for its 'outstanding universal value' around the world. The royal tomb of Joseon has been managed with an emphasis on the preservation of cultural assets since it was designated as a historical site in the 1970s, but it has received many visitors as a valuable historical and cultural resource and haven that connects the past and the present in today's bustling city. In order to investigate and analyze the current status of pavements in the royal palace in terms of quality and quantity, and to suggest the direction of improvement, this study conducted a complete survey of 53 royal palace viewing roads in 18 regions, and the results are as follows. First of all, problems are found in both the early Masato pavement of the creation, which was introduced with an emphasis on the preservation and protection of cultural assets, and the hardening pavement(KAP), which began to be used in the 1990s for the convenience of maintenance. In other words, the Masato pavement used to create a more environmentally friendly atmosphere of the Joseon royal tombs is showing a high percentage of use, but it lacks support for walking activities, such as the slippage of the pavement and water pooling during the rainy season or during the ice season. Also, hardening pavement introduced for convenience of maintenance, such as the movement of repair vehicles, is not functioning properly as it is damaged by physical deformation after construction. In addition, in awe zones such as parking lots, although the first image of the Joseon royal tombs is determined, the formation of the functional landscape centered on the carriageway does not harmonize with the traditional landscape, and, because of its lack of walking and environment-friendly features, there is a need for improvement, such as the experimental introduction of relevant pavement materials developed afterwards and continuous monitoring.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.22
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• pp.41-52
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• 2019

Inner walls of the stone chamber of West Ancient Tomb No. 1 and 2 in Neungsan-ri, Buyeo-gun have been inspected for possible trace of murals. Tomb No.1 has a rough surface finish of the stone wall and no traces of murals was observed in any part of the stone walls except the ceiling part of the main chamber. On the ceiling surface, there is black colored area, which showed same visual characteristics for both the surface and interior upon slight scratch of the surface, suggesting that it may not be a painted layer. In addition, this black material is not artificial stuff like black ink but is confirmed as biotite from X-ray diffraction analysis that is one of the constituents of the stone wall. In case of tomb No. 2, white material, that is confirmed as lime(calcite, CaCO3) by X-ray diffraction analysis, was observed on the wall surface of the east, west and north, suggesting possible existence of murals. The lime layers, however, are located mostly on the entrance of east wall of main chamber and the place of passage whereas they are observed only in lower parts on the other walls. It may have been formed by the inflow of soil and lime from the outside as the form of the lime layer in the east wall corresponds to the traces of soil and lime deposited from the thief pit. Furthermore, the filling material found in the gap between the stone slabs of the four directions and the ceiling was confirmed as clay soil, which is different material from the lime present on the stone wall surface. If the lime layer had been artificially constructed for the purpose of creating murals, it would have been more reasonable to use lime as well in the gap between the stone slabs of the four directions and ceiling. In this regard, we conclude that there are no murals in the Tomb No. 2 in the Neungsan-ri.