• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.423-428
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• 2019

The Precise measurement of the knee's Congruence angle is required for diagnosis of patella dislocation. The purpose of this study is to consider the distortion diagram and usefulness about the test of the bilateral side and one side through the evaluating congruence angle from Merchant view of patellofemoral joint to central X-ray. We've evaluated the sulcus angle and Congruence angle following central X-ray's changes when we took Merchant view of patellofemoral joint aimed to right lower limb from human whole body phantom. The subject of the evaluation was classified as normal group and varus group, and the varus group has experimented with External rotation of legs as 15° and 30°. When normal groups result as 0, 7.5, 15 cm, it was measured as 17.25 ± 1.34°, 19.60 ± 1.41°, 20.55 ± 1.77° each. The gap between minimal and maximum angle was 3.3°, and the value was shown as getting bigger when it further away from the centeral X-ray. When Congruence angle in 15° varus group was 0, 7.5, 15 cm, it was each 16.45 ± 1.34°, 17.10 ± 0.99°, 17.80 ± 1.13°. And when Congruence angle in 30° varus group was 0, 7.5, 15 cm, it was measured each 18.35 ± 1.63°, 18.95 ± 1.06°, 19.60 ± 1.41°. The difference between minimum and maximum of angle in 15° varus group and 30° varus group was each 1.35° and 1.25°, the angles have shown as increasing the further away from the center. The patellofemoral joint showed that the congruence angle increases as the further away from Central X-ray, and also it is judged that is possible to change the congruence angle by a degree of varus knee. Thus, accurate measurement of the congruence angle is shown to advantage that methods for examining by split each side at two times than methods for examining both sides at a time. Therefore, it is expected to helpful on the diagnostic side of patella dislocation and subluxation.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.29-62
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• 2012

As distribution environment is changing rapidly and competition is more intensive in the channel of distribution, the importance of retailer image and retailer equity is increasing as a different competitive advantages. Also, consumers are not functionally oriented and that their behavior is significantly affected by the symbols such as retailer image which identify retailer in the market place. That is, consumers do not choose products or retailers for their material utilities but consume the symbolic meaning of those products or retailers as expressed in their self images. The concept of self-image congruence has been utilized by marketers and researchers as an aid in better understanding how consumers identify themselves with the brands they buy and the retailer they patronize. Although self-image congruity theory has been tested across many product categories, the theory has not been tested extensively in the retailing. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the impact of self image congruence between retailer image and self image of consumer on retailer equity such as retailer awareness, retailer association, perceived retailer quality, and retailer loyalty. The purpose of this study is to find out whether retailer-self image congruence can be a new antecedent of retailer equity. In addition, this study tries to examine how four-dimensional retailer equity constructs (retailer awareness, retailer association, perceived retailer quality, and retailer loyalty) affect customers' repatronage intention. For this study, data were gathered by survey and analyzed by structural equation modeling. The sample size in the present study was 254. The reliability of the all seven dimensions was estimated with Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability values and average variance extracted values. We determined whether the measurement model supports the convergent validity and discriminant validity by Exploratory factor analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. For each pair of constructs, the square root of the average variance extracted values exceeded their correlations, thus supporting the discriminant validity of the constructs. Hypotheses were tested using the AMOS 18.0. As expected, the image congruence hypotheses were supported. The greater the degree of congruence between retailer image and self-image, the more favorable were consumers' retailer evaluations. The all two retailer-self image congruence (actual self-image congruence and ideal self-image congruence) affected customer based retailer equity. This result means that retailer-self image congruence is important cue for customers to estimate retailer equity. In other words, consumers are often more likely to prefer products and retail stores that have images similar to their own self-image. Especially, it appeared that effect for the ideal self-image congruence was consistently larger than the actual self-image congruence on the retailer equity. The results mean that consumers prefer or search for stores that have images compatible with consumer's perception of ideal-self. In addition, this study revealed that customers' estimations toward customer based retailer equity affected the repatronage intention. The results showed that all four dimensions (retailer awareness, retailer association, perceived retailer quality, and retailer loyalty) had positive effect on the repatronage intention. That is, management and investment to improve image congruence between retailer and consumers' self make customers' positive evaluation of retailer equity, and then the positive customer based retailer equity can enhance the repatonage intention. And to conclude, retailer's image management is an important part of successful retailer performance management, and the retailer-self image congruence is an important antecedent of retailer equity. Therefore, it is more important to develop and improve retailer's image similar to consumers' image. Given the pressure to provide increased image congruence, it is not surprising that retailers have made significant investments in enhancing the fit between retailer image and self image of consumer. The enhancing such self-image congruence may allow marketers to target customers who may be influenced by image appeals in advertising.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.341-351
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• 2007

The primary purpose of this treatise is to suggest the solutions as follows for the errors concerning the triangle determination and congruence in every Korean mathematics textbook for 7th graders: showing that SsA, along with SSS, SAS, ASA, should also be included as the condition for triangle determination, congruence and similarity; proving that contrary to what has been believed, minimality applies only to congruence and similarity but not to determination; examining related Euclidean propositions; discussing the confusion about the characteristics of determination and congruence; and considering the negative effects of giving definite figures in construction education. The secondary purpose is to analyze the significance of triangle determinant that is not dealt with in either Euclid's Elements or the text books in the U.S. or Japan, and suggest a way to effectively deal with triangle determination and congruence in education.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.113-128
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• 2022

This research emphasizes on the role of congruence between the sponsor and the sponsored unit that effect sponsor's brand image, attitudes towards it and the memorization of the sponsor's name. The contribution of this research is highlighted especially during the sponsorship of national football team during the 2018 football World Cup. Because of the increasing cost of sponsorship, it has become essential for sponsors to understand how the direct and indirect audience responds to their congruence with the sponsored sports team; and which of the two types of audiences is more and more receptive to their actions. Specifically researchers were not conscious about the level of congruence that optimizes the effects on the sponsor. Therefore, this research aims to characterize the congruence between the marks of the sponsors and the football team through a survey administered face to face. Then, we test the global model to determine if the sponsorship operation has more impact on the sponsor in case of high, low or average congruence? To respond to our research questions we selected two samples from customers that were exposed to the sponsoring actions two ascertain the exploratory and confirmatory steps. The first sample consists of 200 interviewees and the second 400 are considered as an acceptable representation guarantee for our research. In addition, we propose to validate the research model and test the inherent hypotheses that analysis the relationship between the chosen constructs.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.45-55
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• 2022

Purpose: Consumers' experience of functional attributes is remembered, and the experience lowers the cost of consumers' input from their point of view and reduces uncertainty. It also plays an important role in consumers' positive emotions and responses. Accordingly, if information search costs are reduced in terms of the costs perceived by consumers about restaurants, a strategy differentiated from other companies can be established. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of functional congruence of restaurant stores on information search cost reduction, positive/negative emotions, and loyalty. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: This study investigated functional congruence, information search cost reduction, and positive/negative emotions. The structural relationship between loyalty was analyzed. To verify this, a research hypothesis was established based on previous studies and a research model was constructed. The questionnaire items were modified and used according to the current study, based on previous studies. The data were collected using the questionnaire method from 187 people who had dining out experience. Frequency analysis was performed to confirm demographic characteristics. Reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the collected data were verified. The research model was analyzed with a structural equation modeling (SmartPLS 4). Results: The findings show that functional congruence had significant positive effects on information search cost reduction and positive emotion, but no significant effect on negative emotion. Information search cost reduction had significant positive effects on positive emotion/negative emotion but did not significantly affect loyalty. Lastly, both positive and negative emotions had significant positive effects on loyalty. Conclusion: Based on transaction cost theory, this study found how functional congruence and information search cost reduction influence consumers' emotions. The functional attributes of restaurants were perceived by customers as information, thus uncertainty was decreased. Finally, appropriate management strategies and implications of functional congruence and information search cost in the restaurant were suggested.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.243-249
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• 1998

In this paper, we introduce a congruence relation on a semiring and a quotient semiring, and prove some homomorphism theorems.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.622-636
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of self-image congruence on attitudes toward purchase intentions of children's clothing via the Behavioral Intention Model. The empirical study was conducted via on-line survey and data were collected from mothers with children aged 6 to 10 years. A total of 593 respondents answered the questionnaire and 574 usable data were statistically analyzed. SPSS 18.0 was used to conduct descriptive statistical analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, cluster analysis, Chi-square test, ANOVA, and multiple regressions. A K-means cluster analysis was conducted based on three dimensions brand images of children's wear. Respondents were divided into four groups: elegant image group, multiple image group, ordinary image group, and childlike image group. Characteristics of consumers and clothing evaluative criteria that mothers considered important differed significantly across groups. Moreover, based on these groups, each dimension of self-congruence had different effects on brand attitude. Brand attitude and subjective norms had different effects on purchase intentions. In conclusion, levels of self-congruence and factors influencing purchase intention varied according to brand images of children's wear.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.5-14
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• 2020

Purpose: Early morning delivery markets have grown exponentially in the last few years. This study aims to verify the effects of brand experience factors and brand personality factors of Market Kurly, a representative early morning delivery brand, on brand attachment and brand loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology: For this purpose, 204 ordinary people in their 20s and 40s who have experience in using Market Kurly were surveyed. 7 hypotheses were verified by using hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Affective experience, intellectual experience, and behavioral experience among brand experience factors had a positive effect on brand attachment. Also, brand personality-self-image congruence and brand personality-human brand congruence as brand personality factors had a positive effect on brand attachment. The brand attachment was identified as an important preceding factor to explain the brand loyalty of Market Kurly. Conclusions: When applying brand experience factors to the early morning delivery service context, each brand experience factor affected brand attachment and brand loyalty. The scope of research on brand personality-self-image congruence was expanded in that it considered both brand personality-human brand congruence and brand personality-self-image congruence. This study provides academic and practical implications by revealing that brand experience factors and brand personality factors can positively affect brand attachment and brand loyalty.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.273-292
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to find out how second, fourth and sixth graders understood the main contents related to spatial sense in the Seventh National Mathematics Curriculum. For this purpose, this study examined students' understanding of the main contents of congruence transformation (slide, flip, turn), mirror symmetry, cubes, congruence and symmetry. An investigation was conducted and the subjects included 483 students. The main results are as follows. First, with regards to congruence transformation, whereas students had high percentages of correct answers on questions concerning slide, they had lower percentages on questions concerning turn. Percentages of correct answers on flip questions had significant differences among the three grades. In addition, most students experienced difficulties in describing the changes of shapes. Second, students understood the fact that the right and the left of an image in a mirror are exchanged, but they had poor overall understanding of mirror symmetry. The more complicated the cubes, the lower percentages of correct answers. Third, students had a good understanding of congruences, but they had difficulties in finding out congruent figures. Lastly, they had a poor understanding of symmetry and, in particular, didn't distinguish a symmetric figure of a line from a symmetric figure of a point.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.34 no.1_2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Some properties of filters are studied with respect to a congru-ence of BE-algebras. The notion of θ-filters is introduced and these classes of filters are then characterized in terms of congruence classes. A bijection is obtained between the set of all θ-filters of a BE-algebra and the set of all filters of the respective BE-algebra of congruences classes.