• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.32
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• pp.263-288
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• 2013

This research is about effects which frontal-flat cameras have on narrative films. This kind of confined camera angles make the audience have a sense of tension which is barely defined logically. I think the tension comes from aleatorism. The paper is a research on how aleatorism is working on what kind of value, and what kind of effects it has on narrative films. Russian Formalism had argued they had to meet aesthetic values by totally excluding narratives. It can be said that this was a practice for Brecht's estrangement that a sensitive arousal prohibits the audience immersing into excessive empathy and then make them have a reflective thought. But occasionally, optical arousals in narrative films induce deeper immersion into contemplation rather than reflective thought. I intend to find cases regarding this textualising Front-flat camera angles in narrative films and analysing their contents. To do this, I suggest a more specified definition of 'aleatorism'. Because the concept of the aleatorism is different between an aspect of static image like paintings or photographs and narrative contents like cinema. It is divided into approach through form and approach through content. And I also suggest an operative definition about 'Frontal-flat camera angle' with a several confinements because its formal definition is very flexible depending on audience. The case analysis will be done with a form of discourse discerning two aspects of form and content. Conclusively, Frontal-flat camera angle in narrative film is basically have an effect of attention by optical stimuli. But it cannot be said that this always means deterioration of narrative value. Depending on causality of episodes in the whole story, aleatorism which Frontal-flat camera angle has can support immersed contemplation regarding following narrative rather than reflective thought regarding amusing aesthetics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.151-152
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• 2010

극성 [0001] 방향으로 성장 된 질화물 기반의 LEDs (light emitting diodes) 는 분극현상에 의해 발생하는 강한 내부 전기장의 영향을 받게 된다. 이러한 내부 전기장은 양자우물 내의 전자와 정공의 공간적 분리를 야기하고 quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) 에 의한 발광 파장의 적색 편이가 발생하며 양자효율의 저하를 가져오게 된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 양자 우물구조를 GaN 의 m-plane (100) 이나 a-plane (110) 등 비극성면 위에 성장하려는 시도를 하고 있다. 그러나 비극성면의 비등방성 (anisotropy) 으로 인하여 결정성이 높은 비극성 GaN을 성장하는 데에는 많은 어려움이 있다. 비극성 a-plane GaN 의 결정성과 표면 거칠기의 향상을 위해 경사각을 가지는 r-plane 사파이어를 기판으로 이용하는 연구들이 많이 진행되어 있다 [1-4]. 그러나 r-plane 사파이어 기판의 경사각과 표면의 pit 형성에 관한 상관관계의 체계적인 연구는 상대적으로 많이 진행되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 경사각을 가진 r-plane 사파이어 기판에 유기금속화학증착법을 (MOCVD) 이용하여 a-plane GaN 을 성장하였으며, 성장 시 기판의 경사각이 a-plane GaN의 성장 거동 및 표면형상에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 실험에서는r-plane에서 m-axis방향으로 0도에서 -0.65도의 경사각을 가지는 r-plane 사파이어 기판을 이용하였다. a-plane GaN 성장에는 고온 GaN 핵 형성층을 (nucleation layer) 이용하는 2단계 성장 법이 사용되었다 [5]. -0.37도 보다 크기가 큰 경사각을 가진 r-plane 사파이어에 성장된 a-plane GaN의 표면에는 수 ${\mu}m$ 크기의 삼각형 형태의 pit이 형성되었다. 사파이어의 경사각이 -0.37도에서 -0.65도로 증가하였을 경우에, GaN의 m방향 X-ray 록킹커브 반치폭은1763 arcsec에서 1515 arcsec로 감소하였으나 표면에 삼각형 pit의 밀도는 103 cm-2 이하에서 $2{\times}106$ cm-2으로 증가하였다. 이러한 r -plane 사파이어 기판의 경사각의 차이로 표면에 pit이 발생과 결정성변화의 원인을 확인하기 위해서, 여러가지 다른 경사각을 가진 사파이어 기판의 표면에 성장된 핵 형성층의 표면 양상을 확인하였다. 발표에서는 경사각의 차이에 따른 기판 표면에서의 원자 step 구조와 GaN 의 핵 형성 간의 상관관계에 대하여 구체적으로 논의할 것이다.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.57-91
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• 2012

This paper investigates determinants of litigation success in the two distinctive types of patent litigations, ex-parte and inter-parte cases, which are brought in the process where a filed application becomes a valid patent right. We regress winning rates of patent applicants on the characteristics of firms, trials, patent lawyer, and patent itself, using a probit model with sample selections. The paper finds that the relative suit rate of a firm, time to be sued, changes of patent agents by applicants, and multiple agents among explanatory variables affect ex-parte reexamination and in-parte post-grant patent trials differently in the point of average marginal effects. These variables lower the probability of applicant's victory in the ex-parte cases, while they raise the probability in the inter-parte trials. However, the experience that agents represent applicants is a winning rate-increasing factor both in inter-parte and ex-parte reexamination, unexpectedly. This result cannot be applied to the entire domain of the variable, since sample selection effects are reflected in the result. The number of claim increases the winning probability of the applicant in the both types of patent litigations. This study has some limitations because it ignores the information on the legal person to which a patent agent belongs, and confined agent's experience to patent filing. We leave it future studies to investigate the effects of lawsuit experience of patent agent, and those of characteristics of the law firm to which individual patent lawyer is affiliated.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2005

The fruiting habit pattern of white-spine cucumber, whose fruits are usually borne on the lateral branches, is different from domestic ones. The cucumber production far export has been focused on how to promote lateral shooting and how to increase the number of lateral branches. As the growing season of the exporting cucumber is confined to winter season, low temperature and weak light are limiting factors to lateral shooting. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of growth regulator for induction of lateral shoot in white-spine cucumber. foliar application of growth regulator were focused on concentration and application time based on number of leaves. The visible damages were observed in applied leaves by $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA(benzyladenine) in retarding culture, but no significant by $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA in case of semi-forcing culture. The number of available lateral shoots were greater in applied plant with $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA than that of $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA, in applied plants at 10th and 15th loaves than that of applied plants at 5th leaves.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.7
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• pp.15-20
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• 1969

This experiment was planned to study the mating behavior of the fall webworm. Hyphantria cunea Drury. In this experiment. observations on mating behavior of the fall webworm were based on the time of moth emergence, time of mating activity, copulation period, mating frequency, and effect of moth ages on the mating ratio. Mating frequency was determined by visual observation and the number of spermatophores. The results obtained were as follows; 1) The moths started emerging at about 3 P. M. and ended at about 12 P. M. The peak of moth emergence was between 7 and 8 P. M. Total ratio or the moths emerged between 7 and 8 P. M. was 42. 1 for female and 41.8 for male. 2) Mating activity was mostly confined to the period between 5 and 6 A. M. The average complation period was 12 hours (ranges between 7 and 17 hours). 3) The average ratio of single mating was $66.0\%$ for both sexes, and that of double. matings were $4.1\%$ for females and $5.4\%$ for males in laboratory test. The mating ratio of female moths collected from the field was $62.1\%$ for single mating. and 15.5" for doubles matings. These data indicated that single mating seemed to be most common. 4) Mating usually occured within four days after the emergence from the pupae. Mating ratio was greatly varied with the moth ages. The highest mating ratio was observed within 6 to 15 hours after moth emergence. Both sexes usually mated with the moths of the same ages.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.32-38
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• 2011

As the using rate of an explosive gas has been increased in the industrial site, the regional residents adjacent to the site as well as the site workers have frequently fallen into a dangerous situation. Damage caused by accident in the process using hydrogen gas is not confined only to the relevant process, but also is linked to a large scale of fire or explosion and it bring about heavy casualties. Therefore, personnel in charge should investigate the kinds and causes of the accident, forecast the scale of damage and also, shall establish and manage safety countermeasures. We, in Anti-Calamity Research Center, forecasted the scope of danger if break out a fire or/and explosion in hydrogen gas facilities of MLCC firing process. We selected piping leak accident, which is the most frequent accident case based on an actual analysis of accident data occurred. We select and apply piping leak accident which is the most frequent case based on an actual accident data as a model of damage forecasting scenario caused by accident. A jet fire breaks out if hydrogen gas leaks through pipe size of 10 mm ${\Phi}$ under pressure of 120 bar, and in case of $4kw/m^2$ of radiation level, the radiation heat can produce an effect on up to distance of maximum 12.45 meter. Herein, we are going to recommend safety security and countermeasures for improvement through forecasting of accident damages.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.2 s.86
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• pp.179-189
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• 2005

Corrosion of steel due to chloride attack is a major concern in reinforced concrete structures which are located in the marine environments. In this case, Fick's 2nd law has been used for the prediction of chloride diffusion related with service life of concrete structures. However, those studies were confined mostly to the single deterioration due to chloride only, although actual environment is rather of combined type. The purpose of the present study is, therefore, to explore the influences of carbonation to chloride attack in concrete structures and to investigate the validity of Fick's law to chloride attack combined carbonation. The test results indicate that the chloride ion profiles from Fick's law using the diffusion coefficient of immersion tests is not reflected the effect of separation of chloride ions in carbonation region but valid in sound region in case of combined action. On the other hand, the chloride ion profiles from Fick's law using the diffusion coefficient of Tang and Nilsson's method coincide with test results under dry-wet condition but not under combined condition. The results of present study may Imply that the new method for the measurement of diffusion coefficient is required to predict the chloride ion profiles in case of combined action at early.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.687-694
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• 2014

This study established a displacement ductility ratio model for ductile design for the boundary element of shear walls. To determine the curvature distribution along the member length and displacement at the free end of the member, the distributions of strains and internal forces along the shear wall section depth were idealized based on the Bernoulli's principle, strain compatibility condition, and equilibrium condition of forces. The confinement effect at the boundary element, provided by transverse reinforcement, was calculated using the stress-strain relationship of confined concrete proposed by Razvi and Saatcioglu. The curvatures corresponding to the initial yielding moment and 80% of the ultimate state after the peak strength were then conversed into displacement values based on the concept of equivalent hinge length. The derived displacement ductility ratio model was simplified by the regression approach using the comprehensive analytical data obtained from the parametric study. The proposed model is in good agreement with test results, indicating that the mean and standard deviation of the ratios between predictions and experiments are 1.05 and 0.19, respectively. Overall, the proposed model is expected to be available for determining the transverse reinforcement ratio at the boundary element for a targeted displacement ductility ratio.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.333-341
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• 1998

The novel integrated device, 1.55 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ DR-LD(distrbuted reflector laser diode) integrated EA-MOD (electro-absorption modulator) as light source, is proposed to improve the device yield and its operational performances. This device can be easily fabricated by the selective MOVPE technique and its fabrication processes are almost the same as the reported 1.55 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ DFB-LD(distributed feedback laser diode) integrated EA-MOD except the asymmetric gratings. The static and dynamic properties are investigated simultaneously by solving the transfer matrix method for light propagation, the time-dependent rate equation for carrier change and schr$\"{o}$dinger equation for QCSE (Quantum-Confined Stark Effect). The performances of the proposed device such as output power, chirp, and extinction ratio are compared with those of DFB-LD integrated EA-MOD. Under 10Gb/s NRZ modulation, we obtain that DR-LD integrated EA-MOD. is 30% higher in output power on the on-state, about 50% lower in chirp, and slightly larger in extinction ratio than DFB-LD integrated EA-MOD.-MOD.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.924-929
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• 2001

Backgroun : The long-term survival after operation of patients with lung cancer invading the chest wall is known to be related to regional nodal involvement, completeness of resection and depth of chest wall involvement. In this study results of complete resection are reviewed to determine survival charateristics. Material and Method: Of 680 consecutive patients who were operated on for primary non-small cell carcinoma between 1988 and 1998, we retrospectively reviewed 55 patients(8.0%) who had complete resection for lung cancer invading the chest wall or parietal pleura. Result: Resection of the chest wall was on bloc in 29 patients(47.3％), and extrapleural in 26(52.7％). In the patients undergoing extrapleural resection, the depth of chest wall invasion was confined to the parietal pleura in all patients(100%). In the patients underging en bloc resection, the pathologic depth of invasion was into the parietal pleura alone in 9(31.0%) and into the chest wall in 20(69.0%). The follow-up rate of these patients was 100%. Hospital mortality was 5.4%(n=3). The actuarial 5-year survival rate was 26% for all hospital survivors(n=52). The actuarial 5-year survival rate of patients with T3N0M0 disease(29%) was better than that of T3N2M0 disease(18%), however, there was no significant(p=0.30) difference. The depth of chest wall invasion had no statistically significant effect on survival in our series, neither for patients with involved lymphatic metastasis nor for those without(p=0.99). Conclusion: These observations indicate that the good five year survival in patients with T3 NSCLC invading the chest wall resulted from complete resection. Survival of patients with lung cancer invading the chest wall after complete resection is dependent on the extent of nodal involvement and much less so on the depth of chest wall invasion.