• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.237-249
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• 1998

Calculators can be instructional instruments to be used specially in problem situations which need calculations through calculators. A calculator-calculations is one of the various calculation methods. As there are problem situations for each method, there are problem situations for a calculator-calculation, too. Basically, calculator-calculations can be admitted in any cases which need not paper-and-pencil calculations, estimations, mental calculations, and computer-calculations. In this paper, some basic knowledges on how to use calculators in elementary mathematics education are offered. Students learn concepts easier by doing complex and tedious calculations through calculators than through paper-and-pencil calculations. And, by doing complex and tedious calculations in problem solving, they can focus on understanding problems, planning, and looking back. Calculator can be used directly in phases of understanding and planning. Calculators can be used to practice guess and check strategies. Problems which contain calculations beyond students' paper-and-pencil calculations abilities. So, as a result, students' experiences on problem solving can be extended. Calculators experiences can affect students' persistences, confidences, enthusiasms, self-esteems positively.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-28
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• 2002

This study explored teachers (n = 219) from northern, central, southern and eastern Taiwan concerning their views about children's learning difficulties, mathematical instruction and school mathematics curricular. Results showed that teachers' mathematics knowledge or their instruction methods had no significant influence on their views of children's learning difficulties. Even though teachers indicated that understanding of abstract mathematical concepts was the most prominent difficulty for children, they tended to employ direct instruction rather than constructive and cooperative problem solving in their teaching. However, teachers' views of children's learning difficulties did influence their instructional practice. Results from in-dept interviews revealed that there were some obstacles that prevented teachers from putting constructiveism perspectives of instruction into teaching practice. Further investigation is needed to develop a better understanding of epistemology and teaming psychology as well as to help teachers create constructive learning situations.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.352-362
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• 2018

Gliomas are the most common pediatric tumors of the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the clinical features, treatment paradigms, and evolving concepts related to two types of pediatric gliomas affecting two main locations: the optic pathway and thalamus. In particular, we discuss recently revised pathologic classification, which adopting molecular parameter. We believe that our review contribute to the readers' better understanding of pediatric glioma because pediatric glioma differs in many ways from adult glioma according to the newest advances in molecular characterization of this tumor. A better understanding of current and evolving issues in pediatric glioma is needed to ensure effective management decision.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.4-14
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• 1998

As with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, posterior cruciate ligament(PCL) reconstruction requires a good understanding of the anatomy and biomechanical properties of the PCL to place the graft correctly as well as to choose the appropriate structure and material for the graft. The anatomy and function of the PCL can be somewhat confusing and continuing to evolve so far. Recent studies have focused on the insertion site anatomy and the identification of the functional components of the ligament. The issue of the ligament isometry and the role of PCL in knee kinematics are still totally resolved. This article can be provided an update on current concepts of the anatomy and biomechanics of the PCL through literature reviews. A clear understanding of these knowledges enables the clinicians to diagnose injuries to the PCL accurately and to reconstruct these structures successfully.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.18 no.2 s.27
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• pp.101-112
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to develop environmental inquiry activities for teaching the 10th grade students in science classes of high school. The activities are developed to perform goals of environmental education for sustainable development. In order to this, activities are sequently organized in order of context of laboratory, field, and problem solving in respect of one learning topic. The object of inquiry activities in laboratory context is understanding concepts related environment and environmental pollution. The inquiry activities in field context have an object of attaining good awareness and attitude toward environment. Throughout the activities in probem solving context students are expected to have a mind of participating in environmental issues. The activities are designed to learn and use integrated science knowledge in many domains. Some activities are intended to utilize MBL(Microcomputer-based Laboratory). The ICT materials, lesson plans, instructional sheets for teaching and student' sheets for inquiry were produced to guide these activities. It is expected that this effort will contribute to cultivate environmental literate persons who have not only scientific understanding but also practical will of environmental issues.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 1990

Correct comprehension of the scientific terms is the bottom of understanding the general concepts contained is them. Therefore a study is required to analyze whether the students correctly understand the scientific terms. The associative method was used to evaluate the comprehensibility of the terms. The scientific terms in this study are selected in the textbook of science in the junior high school were selected. The frequency of the same associative word responsed and the frequency of no response from the selected students for given scientific terms were measured for 9 different groups. The terms which are not used in the daily life, especially for the terms with chinese character or abstract terms turn out to be difficult for the students to understand. It is purposed that the instructor should remember the importance of understanding the scientific term and carefully explain them to the science class.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.243-266
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• 2013

Accompanied with ongoing calls for reform in statistics curriculum, mathematics and statistics teachers purposefully have been reconsidering the curriculum and the content taught in statistics classes. Changes made are centered around statistical inference since teachers recognize that students struggle with understanding the ideas and concepts used in statistical reasoning. Despite the efforts to change the curriculum, studies are sparse on the topic of characterizing student learning and understanding of statistical inference. Moreover, there are no tools to evaluate students' statistical reasoning in a coherent way. In response to the need for a research instrument, in a series of research study, the researcher developed a reliable and valid measure to assess students' inferential reasoning in statistics (IRS). This paper describes processes of test blueprint development that has been conducted from review of the literature and expert reviews.

• Proceeding of KASS Symposium
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.3-51
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• 2005

Optimization methods are presented for design of shells and spatial structures. The effectiveness of using optimization techniques are demonstrated by the following examples: 1. Shape design of ribbed shells. 2. Shape design of membrane structures. 3. Optimization of single-layer spatial truss against buckling. 4. Application of heuristic methods to optimization of space frames. The readers may first see the numerical results to find that is possible by optimization. In the appendix, overview of structural optimization in architectural design is presented, and effectiveness of optimization is demonstrated by small examples. Each chapter is a part of a published paper, or translation from a Japanese article. So there might be some difficulties for understanding the details: inconsistency of the story, etc., which the author hope not to lead to major difficulties for understanding the concepts and results.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.55-74
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• 2014

This study examined the potential teaching strategies of prospective elementary teachers and their perceptions of the procedural/conceptual nature of examples. Fifty-four prospective teachers participated in this study, engaging in two-phase tasks. Analysis of data indicated that: (a) Overall, the participants' perceptions were geared toward putting emphasis on conceptual understanding rather than procedural understanding; but (b) Generally, procedure-oriented strategies were more frequently incorporated in participants' potential teaching plans. This implied that participants' preconceived ideas regarding math examples were not always reliable indicators of their potential teaching strategies. Implications and suggestions for mathematics teacher preparation are discussed.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.181-195
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the understanding of basic knowledge of mathematics for $6^{th}$ grade students in elementary school by an essay test and provide instructional suggestions for teachers. A total of 132 students from 6 classes in 3 elementary schools were tested and analyzed in terms of the characteristics of correct answers and types of incorrect answers. The results showed that students had poor understanding of basic conceptual concepts and principles throughout six content areas of school mathematics curriculum, despite their good performance on mathematical skills. This study included implications to teaching and learning for each of the content areas.