• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.724-731
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• 1990

The fermentation process of Andong Sickhae including optimal composition of the product was investigated. Through sensory evaluation and ingredient analysis of ten samples prepared in the laboratory and the samples collected from Andong region, we found that the ratio of ingredient of the product by weigh are as follow : [glutinous rice(80) : malt(50) : radish(100) : water(500) : ginger(8) : red pepper(4)]. The level of nitrogen compound turned out to be low while that of soluble protein and salt soluble protein was high. The content of total sugar and reducing sugar was found to be considerable high and among the free sugar, maltose was the highest(80%), followed by glucose and maltotriose. Activities of acid protease and saccharogenic amylase were 1.55 unit per milliliter and $12.5D^{40}_{30}^{\circ}$ respectively. Results of sensory evaluation showed that the good Andong Sickhae turned out to have well harmonized taste of flavor, sweetness and sourness while the color looked slightly red.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.91-98
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• 1999

The content of taxol and related compounds in needle and stem tissues of exotic yews growing in the Chollipo Arboretum which located in the West Sea of Korea were determined by HPLC. A considerable variation in contents of taxol and the related compounds within species and among cultivars were observed. The content of taxol was much higher in the needles than those in the young stem tissues except T. X media cv. Vermuleun, T. baccata cv. Washingtonii, and T. X cuspidata cv. Nana, and the content of 10-deacetyl baccatin III(10-DAB III) was also slightly higher in the needle. The needle of T. cuspidata cv. Nigra collected from April was contained the high amount of taxol(1,027 ${\mu}g$ per g dry weight) and also contained high quantity in 10-DAB III(267 ${\mu}g$ per g dry weight). Concentration of taxol in needle was significantly greater than those of meristemic and ovary tissues, Exotic yews growing at the Chollipo Arboretum containing T. cuspidata cv. Nigra could be suitable materials as a source for the tissue and cell cultures for production of taxol.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2007

A ditch is a facility for managing washed-off runoff from parking lot area. Washed-off runoff inflows into ditches where it is retained for a short period of time. At this point, it is assumed that a ditch is a preliminary unit for runoff treatment. This research carries out the distribution of particle size and chemical compound for sediment in parking lot ditch. This work is important to understand the amount of generated sediment from this area to be able to determine different particle size ranges for treatment. Metal concentrations for sediment according to particle size are analyzed. From the distribution of particle size, the weight ratio with the range of $425-850{\mu}m$ is the highest. Considering its weight ratio, the metal concentration of coarser particles is high, otherwise metal concentration increases as particle size decreases. Metal load of the range is higher and the ratio of total metal load in the case of Cu, Pb, Zn is nearly 30%. Moreover metal concentration associated with particle size depends on particle ratio. To manage non-point source pollution for parking lot area, these results can be used with this ditch unit.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.425-431
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• 2005

New type of supercapacitor using high surface area activated carbons mixed with high conductivity polypyrrole (Ppy) has been prepared in order to achieve low impedance and high energy density. Mixed carbons of BP-20 and MSP-20 were used as the active electrode material, and polypyrrole doped with 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (2-NSA) and carbon black (Super P) as conducting agents were added to activated carbons in order to enhance good electric conductivity. Electrodes prepared with the activated electrode materials and the conducting agents were added to a solution of organic binder [P(VdF-co-HFP) / NMP]. The ratio of optimum electrode composition was 78 : 17 : 5 wt.％ of (MSP20 : BP-20=1 : 1), (Super P : Ppy=10 : 7) and P(VdF-co-HFP) respectively. The performance of unit cell with addition of 7 wt％ Ppy have shown specific capacitance of 28.02 F/g, DC-ESR of $1.34{\Omega}$, AC-ESR of $0.36{\Omega}$, specific energy of 19.87 Wh/kg and specific power of 9.77 kW/kg. With addition of Ppy, quick charge-discharge of unit cell was possible because of low ESR, low charge transfer resistance and quick reaction rate. And good stability up to 500 chargedischarge cycles were retained about 80％ of their original capacity. It was concluded that the specific capacitance originated highly from compound phenomena of the pseudocapacitance by oxidation-reduction of polypyrrole and the nonfaradaic capacitance by adsorption-desorption of activated carbons.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2019

In this study, the ignition characteristics of petroleum-based aviation fuel (Jet A-1), bio aviation fuel (Bio-6308), and blended aviation fuel (50:50, v:v) were analyzed in accordance with change of temperature and pressure. The ignition delay time of each aviation fuel was measured by combustion research unit (CRU) and the compositions of the fuels were analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID for qualitative and quantitative results. From the results, it was confirmed that the ignition delay times of all aviation fuels were shortened with increasing temperature and pressure. In particular, the effect of temperature was larger than the effect of pressure. Also, the ignition delay time of Jet A-1 was the longest at all measurement conditions, and it was judged that this result is because of the structurally stable characteristics of the benzyl radical generated during the oxidation reaction of the aromatic compound (about 22.48%) in Jet A-1. Also, it was confirmed that Jet A-1 had no section where the degree of shortening of ignition delay time was decreased by increasing temperature, which was because the benzyl radical inhibits the response that can affect the negative temperature coefficient (NTC). The ignition characteristics of blended aviation fuel (50:50, v:v) showed a similar tendency to those of Jet A-1, rather than to those of Bio-6308, so that the blended aviation fuel (50:50, v:v) can be applied to the existing system without any change.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2014

The crystal structure of the title compounds with both coumarin and sulfonamide moieties were examined. These two groups have very special for their pharmaceutical and medicinal properties have been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. In the title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group $P2_1/c$ with unit cell dimension a=$8.5775(4){{\AA}$, b=$24.9943(13){\AA}$ and c=$13.7319(7){\AA}$ [alpha & gamma=$90^{\circ}$ beta=$103.558(2)^{\circ}$]. In the structure The S1 atom shows a distorted tetrahedral geometry, with O1-S1-O2 [$121.08(1)^{\circ}$] and N1-S1-C5 [$105.85(1)^{\circ}$] angles deviating from ideal tetrahedral values are attributed to the Thrope-Ingold effect. The sum of bond angles around N1 ($354.9^{\circ}$) indicates that N1 is in $sp^2$ hybridization. The Pyridine ring adopts boat conformation and pyran rings adopt a sofa conformation. Crystal structure is stabilized by C-H...O intra molecular hydrogen bond interactions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.453-460
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• 2020

Background: BIOGF1K, a fraction of Panax ginseng, has desirable antimelanogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiphotoaging properties that could be useful for treating skin conditions. Because its potential positive effects on allergic reactions in skin have not yet been described in detail, this study's main objective was to determine its efficacy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography was used to verify the compounds in BIOGF1K, and we used the (3-4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method to determine its cytotoxicity in RBL-2H3 and HMC-1 cell lines. RBL-2H3 cells were induced using both anti-DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA and calcium ionophore (A2187) treatments, whereas HMC-1 cells were induced using A2187 alone. To measure mast cell degranulation, we performed histamine (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and β-hexosaminidase assays. To quantify interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in RBL-2H3 cells, we performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR); to quantify expression levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in HMC-1 cells, we used semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Finally, we detected the total and phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p-38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase proteins by immunoblotting. Results: BIOGF1K decreased the AD response by reducing both histamine and β-hexosaminidase release as well as reducing the secretion levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in RBL-2H3 cells and IL-4 and IL-13 in HMC-1 cells. In addition, BIOGF1K decreased MAPK pathway activation in RBL-2H3 and HMC-1 cells. Conclusions: BIOGF1K attenuated the AD response, hence supporting its use as a promising and natural approach for treating AD.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 2018

Coxsackievirus Type B3 (CVB3) is an enterovirus that belongs to the Picornaviridae and causes various diseases such as myocarditis and hand-foot-mouth disease. However, an effective antiviral drug is still not developed. In this study, we looked for potential inhibitors of CVB3 replication by examining the survival of CVB3-infected HeLa cells. We detected an antiviral effect by cholic acid and identified it as a candidate inhibitor of CVB3 replication. Cholic acid circulates in the liver and intestines, and it helps the digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine. HeLa cells were cultured in 12-well plates and treated with cholic acid (1 and $10{\mu}g/ml$) and $10^6PFU/ml$ of CVB3. After 16 h post-infection, the cells were lysed and subjected to western blot analysis and RT-PCR. The production of the viral capsid protein VP1 was dramatically decreased, and translation initiation factor eIF4G1 cleavage was significantly inhibited by treatment with $10{\mu}g/ml$ cholic acid. Moreover, cholic acid inhibited ERK signaling in CVB3-infected HeLa cells. RT-PCR showed that the amounts of the CVB3 RNA genome and mRNA for the ER stress-related transcription factor ATF4 were significantly reduced. These results showed that cholic acid strongly reduced ER stress and CVB3 proliferation. This compound can be developed as a safe natural therapeutic agent for enterovirus infections.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the change of microbial contamination levels in the different areas and at the different time points after application of a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that has mechanical antimicrobial effect. The microbial contamination levels were measured in three different areas; unit chair handle, spit sink area and hand piece holder at different time points using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) monitoring system and ATP surface test kit. Hand piece holder showed the highest level of microbial contamination. In most of the clinics, QAC significantly reduced the levels of microbial contamination, and maintained antimicrobial activity for 4 to 6 months. QAC may be used effectively in dental clinics due to the duration of antimicrobial effect and the minimal exposure of chemicals and further studies are needed with large sample size.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1996

Environmental impact assessment survey reflecting farmers` opinion on the residence and production space in rural settlement area by ORD showed that more than 86% of respondents thought their reservoirs and waterways (small rivers) were getting seriously contaminated primarily by garbage and livestock manure. A typical rural settlement unit was taken to assess the impact of improper management of livestock manure in the farms on the water quality of small river flowing down along the villages where swine and dairy farms were situated in Daejook 2, 3-ri, Seolseong-myun, Icheon-gun. Nitrogen compounds such as NO$_3$-N, NO$_2$-N, NH$_3$-N, and phosphorus compound H$_x$PO$_4$, DO, BOD$_5$, COD, and microbial density were analyzed to evaluate water quality at five test sites designated along the water stream. Tests showed. for example, BOD$_5$ at site 4 was average 9.2mg/l which was about 3~8 times higher than that of observation site 2 and 3, at which most livestock houses were situated. This is a clear evidence that the nutrients of livestock manure illegally discharged to small river can lead to an eutrophication of the river at downstream. A soil absorption system with aeration could be one of alternatives to treat the contaminated wastewater by livestock manure. The place at downstream, inbetween observation site 1 and 2, could be the best construction site for the treatment facility from the standpoint of the overall treatment efficiency, An enclosed composting system can also be regarded as a good alternative for treatment of the sludge which is the by-product of the soil absorption system operation.