• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.272-282
• /
• 2022

The essential oil extracted from Citrus × natsudaidai (Yu. Tanaka) Hayata peels is known to have various biological properties. However, the chemical composition of essential oil is influenced by the ripening stages of fruits, which then affects related biological activities. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from Citrus × natsudaidai peels at different ripening stages (immature, mature, and overripe). The essential oils were extracted using the hydro-distillation method. As a result of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, d-limonene was dominant and was increased as matured. However, 𝛄-terpinene was decreased. The antioxidant properties and their total phenolic content (TPC) were influenced by the ripening stages. The TPC was highest in the immature stage of essential oil (1,011.25 ± 57.15 mg GAE/100 g). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was excellent in the immature stage (EC₅₀ = 15.91 ± 0.38 mg/mL). 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was superior in overripe stage (EC₅₀ = 20.43 ± 0.37 mg/mL). The antioxidant activity measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay showed higher values for the essential oils in immaturity (1,342.37 ± 71.07 mg Fe²⁺/100 g). Comprehensively, the essential oil in the immature stage showed the best antioxidant activity. Finally, knowing the chemical composition and antioxidant activity at different ripening stages will provide data for selecting the right fruit.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.609-615
• /
• 2014

The cytoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (drumstick tree) on neuronal cells was investigated to confirm the physiological benefits associated with this natural food resource. First, the drumstick tree extract was chemically analyzed to determine inherent nutritional constituents. Calcium and potassium were identified as the major mineral constituents, and palmitic acid (C16:0, 16.33%) and gadoleic acid (C20:01, 66.34%) were detected as the major fatty acids. Moreover, drumstick tree extract contained 94.78 mg/100 g vitamin E and 112.61 mg/100 g niacin. PC12 cells were used to study the cytoprotective effects of drumstick tree extract. Intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species was significantly reduced when $H_2O_2$ treated-neuronal cells were cultured in a medium containing the methanolic extract of drumstick tree, compared to cells treated with only $H_2O_2$. Cell viability assay using MTT showed that the extract protected cells against $H_2O_2$-induced neurotoxicity and inhibited LDH leakage from the cell membrane. Caspase assay showed that the extract exerted cytoprotective effect against apoptosis. Consequently, these data suggest that drumstick tree is a useful natural resource with positive effects on human health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.12
• /
• pp.1732-1741
• /
• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to determine physical and chemical properties of vermicelli waste (VW) and effect of VW inclusion levels on growth performance of broilers. In experiment 1, VW samples were randomly collected from vermicelli industry in Thailand to analyze nutritional composition. Vermicelli waste contained 9.96% moisture, 12.06% CP, 32.30% crude fiber (CF), and 0.57% ether extract (EE), as DM basis. The ratio of insoluble:soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was 43.4:8.9. A total of 120 chicks (6 pens per treatment and 10 chicks per pen) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet or 20% VW substituted diet to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention ($AME_n$) of VW. The $AME_n$ of VW was $1,844.7{\pm}130.71$ kcal/kg. In experiment 2, a total of 1,200 chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42-d growth assay. There were 300 chicks with 6 pens per treatment and 50 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments contained 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% VW, respectively. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. From 0 to 18 d of age chicks fed VW diets had higher (p<0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with those fed the control diet. No difference was observed during grower and finisher phase (19 to 42 d). Chicks fed VW diets had lower relative weight of abdominal fat (p<0.001) but higher relative weight of gizzard (p<0.05) than those of chicks fed the control diet. Increasing VW inclusion levels increased ileal digesta viscosity (p<0.05) and intestinal villus height of chicks (p<0.001). For apparent total tract digestibility assay, there were 4 metabolic cages of 6 chicks that were fed experimental treatment diets (the same as in the growth assay) in a 10-d total excreta collection. Increasing VW inclusion levels linearly decreased (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of DM and CF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.8
• /
• pp.1114-1121
• /
• 2016

This study investigated the food components and antioxidant activities of dried Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) with white and purple colors. For the proximate composition of dried Jerusalem artichoke, regardless of color, carbohydrate content was highest, followed by crude protein, ash, and moisture contents, and breed-specific differences were not detected. The highest mineral content of dried Jerusalem artichoke was potassium, followed by calcium, magnesium, sodium, and iron. The major minerals of white color sample were calcium, magnesium, and zinc, whereas those of the purple color sample were potassium, sodium, copper, and manganese, and no significant differences between the samples were detected. The main amino acid of dried Jerusalem artichoke was arginine, regardless of color, followed by asparagine, aspartic acid, and ${\gamma}-amino-n-butyric$ acid in order. Cysteine, leucine, and tyrosine were significantly (P<0.05) more abundant in the purple color sample than in the white color sample. In contrast, phosphoethanolamine was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the white color sample than in the purple color sample. Antioxidant activity was higher in the purple color sample than in the white color sample for all activities except the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay methodology. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays at low concentrations of extracts found no differences between the two samples, although the purple sample at high concentration showed relatively high antioxidant activities.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.685-699
• /
• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has long been known as a medicinal herb effective in various diseases, including bronchitis and asthma, but is still more widely used for food. Fermentation methods are being applied to increase the pharmacological composition of PG extracts and commercialize them with high added value. This study examines the hydrolyzed and fermented PG extract (HFPGE) fermented with Lactobacillus casei in RAW 264.7 cells, and investigates the effect of amplifying the immune and the probable molecular mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: HFPGE's total phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, and platycodin D contents were analyzed by colorimetric analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by a phagocytosis assay kit, nitric oxide (NO) production by a Griess reagent system, and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS: Compared to PGE, HFPGE was determined to contain 13.76 times and 6.69 times higher contents of crude saponin and platycodin D, respectively. HFPGE promoted cell proliferation and phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells and regulated the NO production and iNOS expression. Treatment with HFPGE also resulted in increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand10, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the mRNA expressions of these cytokines. HFPGE also resulted in significantly increasing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results imply that fermentation and hydrolysis result in the extraction of more active ingredients of PG. Furthermore, we determined that HFPGE exerts immunostimulatory activity via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.275-278
• /
• 2014

We deposited TiAgN and ZrAgN nanocomposite coatings on pure Titanium specimens, by using arc ion plating (AIP) with single alloy targets. TiAg ZrAg alloy targets of 5 wt.%, 10 wt.% silver content by vacuum arc remelting (VAR), followed by homogenization for 2 hours at $1,100^{\circ}C$ in non-active Ar gas atmosphere and characterized these samples for morphology and chemical composition. We investigated the biocompatibility of TiAg and ZrAg alloys by examining the proliferation of L929 fibroblast cells by MTT test assay, after culturing the cells ($4{\times}10^4cells/cm^2$) for 24 hours; and exploring the antibacterial properties of thin films by culturing Streptococus Mutans (KCTC3065), using paper disk techniques. Our results showed no cytotoxic effects in any of the specimens, but the antibacterial effects against Streptococus Mutans appeared only in the 10 wt.% silver content specimens.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.25 no.6 s.53
• /
• pp.697-704
• /
• 1995

Chicken calvarial bone is known to contain various cell types, but their exact composition is unknown. By characterizing the chicken calvarial bone biochemically, it can be used to study biochemical, histochemical actions of bone cells in general. Calvaria of 18-day-old white leg horn embryo was aseptically dissected and bone cell populations were isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion. Histochemical study for osteoclast-like bone cell. population was performed with tartrate resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) stain and for osteoblast-like bone cell population, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) stain was performed. Biochemical study for osteoblast-like bone cell population was performed using alkaline phosphatase(ALP) assay. Following conclusions were obtained from this study. 1. TRAP positive multi and mononuclear cells were mostly observed in group I and II, indicating that osteoclast-like bone cell population is mostly found in these groups. 2. All the cultured groups showed almost equal ALP activities and were positive for ALP stain, indicating that osteoblast-like bone cell population is evenly dispersed in all culture groups. 3. Experimental group treated with $1,25(OH)_{2}D_3$ showed increase in ALP activity in contrast to the control group, confirming previous studies that $1,25(OH)_{2}D_3$ increases ALP activities in in vitro bone cultures. 4. Results from von Kossa's stain indicated that in vitro bone formation had occured after 3 weeks of culture with beta-glycero phosphate.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.85-96
• /
• 1986

The Bupyeong Silver mine which is located approximately 35km west of Seoul is currently the leading silver producer in Korea. The deposits occur as stockwork deposits hosted in Jurassic pyroclastic rocks. Occurrences of ore deposits and mineral paragenesis suggest a division of mineralization into four stages: Stage I, deposition of iron oxide and base metal sulfides; Stage II, deposition of tin oxide and silverm inerals; stage III, deposition of native silver and other silver minerals; Stage IV, formation of pyrite bearing siderite veinlets, Silver minerals in ore are native silver, argentite, freibergite, pyrargyrite, canfieldite, polybasite, dyscrasite and Ag-Fe-S mineral. The most important silver mineral is native silver among them. Chemical composition of important silver minerals were determined by electron probe microanalyser. Assay, size and modal analyses for floatation products were carried out. In floatation products, relative proportion of native silver for total important silver minerals have following ranges: feed, 64.7 to 74.74 wt.%; A-cleaner concentrate, 80.58 to 98.79 wt.%; and final tailing, 28.12 to 72. 57 wt. %. Average degree of liberation for native silver in feed and A-cleaner concentrate are 60.49% and 77.57% respectively. Negative relationship can be recognized between native silver and argentite in their abundance and behavior in floatation precesses.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.105-115
• /
• 2006

Fucoidan has been shown to exhibit a host of biological activities, including anti-coagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-tumourigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-complementary and neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we attempted to determine the effects of Fucoidan on both apoptosis and cell proliferation in the hippocampal CA1 region and the dentate gyrus of gerbils after the induction of transient global ischemia. This experiment involved the use of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay as well as immunohistochemisty for caspase-3 and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The monosaccharide composition of the purified Fucoidan which had been extracted from Laminaria religiosa was utilized in this study. The present study clearly induces that apoptotic cell death and cell proliferation in the gerbil's hippocampal regions increased significantly following the induction of transient global ischemia and the results of this study also indicate that Fucoidan exerted a suppressive effect on this observed ischemia-induced increase in apoptosis within the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and also suppressed cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.355-361
• /
• 2017

In this study, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb and scoria mixture extract were investigated in vitro. Radical-scavenging activities of the ethanol extracts were examined by using ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)) radicals assay. Consequently, we confirmed that fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb and scoria mixture extract dependent removed DPPH and ABTS radical. Also, to confirm anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract, we treated fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb and scoria mixture extract on BV-2 cell with LPS. The result showed that fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb and scoria mixture extract concentration-dependent inhibited NO production. Therefore, fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb and scoria mixture extract showed inhibition radical oxygen activities and inflammatory and have available for a pharmacological composition on neuritis-protection and treatment.