• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.2049-2056
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• 2014

A simple method for exfoliating pristine graphite to yield mono-, bi-, and multi-layers of graphene sheets as a highly concentrated (5.25 mg/mL) and yielded solution in an organic solvent was developed. Pre-thermal treatment of pristine graphite at $900^{\circ}C$ in a sealed stainless steel bath under high pressures, followed by sonication in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone solvent at elevated temperatures, produced a homogeneous, well-dispersed, and non-oxidized graphene solution with a low defect density. The electrical conductivities of the graphene sheets were very high, up to 848 S/cm. These graphene sheets were used to fabricate graphene-polyimide nanocomposites, which displayed a higher electrical conductivity (1.37 S/m) with an improved tensile strength (95 MPa). The synthesized graphene sheets and nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.571-586
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• 2012

The paper addresses some key issues related to the design of composite slabs with cold-formed profiled steel sheets. An experimental programme is first presented, involving six composite slab specimens tested with a view to evaluating Eurocode 4 (EC4) provisions on testing of composite slabs. In four specimens, the EC4-prescribed 5000 load cycles were applied using different load ranges resulting from alternative interpretations of the reference load $W_t$. Although the rationale of the application of cyclic loading is to induce loss of chemical bond between the concrete plate and the steel sheet, no such loss was noted in the tests for either interpretation of the range of load cycles. Using the recorded response of the specimens the values of factors m and k (related to interface shear transfer in the composite slab) were determined for the specific steel sheet used in the tests, on the basis of three alternative interpretations of the related EC4 provisions. The test results confirmed the need for a more unambiguous description of the m-k test and its interpretation in a future edition of the Code, as well as for an increase in the load amplitude range to be used in the cyclic loading tests, to make sure that the intended loss of bond between the concrete slab and the steel sheet is actually reached. The study also included the development of a special-purpose software that facilitates design of composite slabs; a parametric investigation of the importance of m-k values in slab design is presented in the last part of the paper.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.729-746
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• 2019

The nonlinear behavior of single- and multi-story steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) strengthened with three different patterns of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates (including single-strip, multi-strip and fully FRP-strengthened models) is studied using the finite element analysis. In the research, the effects of orientation, width, thickness and type (glass or carbon) of FRP sheets as well as the system aspect ratio and height are investigated. Results show that, despite an increase in the system strength using FRP sheets, ductility of reinforced SPSWs is decreased due to the delay in the initiation of yielding in the infill wall, while their initial stiffness does not change significantly. The content/type/reinforcement pattern of FRPs does affect the nonlinear behavior characteristics and also the mode and pattern of failure. In the case of multi-strip and fully FRP-strengthened models, the use of FPR sheets almost along the direction of the infill wall tension fields can maximize the effectiveness of reinforcement. In the case of single-strip pattern, the effectiveness of reinforcement is decreased for larger aspect ratios. Moreover, a relatively simplified and approximate theoretical procedure for estimating the strength of SPSWs reinforced with different patterns of FRP laminates is presented and compared with the analytical results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.303-306
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• 2005

Two composites of five plies of STS/Al/Al/Al/STS and STS/Al/STS/Al/STS were produced by roll-cladding at $350^{\circ}C$ from ferritic stainless steel (STS) and aluminum (Al) sheets. In order to analyze the strain states during roll-cladding, the evolution of textures at different through-thickness positions in the roll-clad composites was investigated. Simulations with the finite element method (FEM) disclosed that a strain state which was similar to that of normal rolling with a high friction between roll surface and Al sample led to the formation of texture gradients in the Al sheets in the STS/Al/Al/Al/STS composite. Differences in the material velocity of STS and Al in the rolling direction gave rise to the formation of the shear texture in the Al sheets in the STS/Al/STS/Al/STS composite.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.361-376
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• 2019

In this research, bending analysis of a micro sandwich skew plate with isotropic core and piezoelectric composite face sheets reinforced by carbon nanotube on the elastic foundations are studied. The classical plate theory (CPT) are used to model micro sandwich skew plate and to apply size dependent effects based on modified strain gradient theory. Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka approach is considered for the effective mechanical properties of the nanocomposite face sheets. The governing equations of equilibrium are derived using minimum principle of total potential energy and then solved by extended Kantorovich method (EKM). The effects of width to thickness ratio and length to width of the sandwich plate, core-to-face sheet thickness ratio, the material length scale parameters, volume fraction of CNT, the angle of skew plate, different boundary conditions and types of cores on the deflection of micro sandwich skew plate are investigated. One of the most important results is the reduction of the deflection by increasing the angle of the micro sandwich skew plate and decreasing the deflection by decreasing the thickness of the structural core. The results of this research can be used in modern construction in the form of reinforced slabs or stiffened plates and also used in construction of bridges, the wing of airplane.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.261-271
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• 2023

The present study follows three main goals. First, an analytical solution with high accuracy is developed to assess the effects of embedding pre-strained shape memory alloy (SMA) wires on the critical buckling temperatures of rectangular sandwich plates made of soft core and graphite fiber/epoxy (GF/EP) face sheets based on piecewise low-order shear deformation theory (PLSDT) using Brinson's model. As the second goal, this study compares the effects of SMAs on the thermal buckling of sandwich plates with those of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The glass transition temperature is considered as a limiting factor. For each material, the effective ranges of operating temperature and thickness ratio are determined for real situations. The results indicate that depending on the geometric parameters and thermal conditions, one of the SMAs and CNTs may outperform the other. The third purpose is to study the thermal buckling of sandwich plates with advanced hybrid SMA/CNT/GF/EP composite face sheets. It is shown that in some circumstances, the co-incorporation of SMAs and CNTs leads to an astonishing enhancement in the critical buckling temperatures of sandwich plates.

• Composites Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

Excellent environmental durability and handy installation procedure as well as high specific strength and stiffness have introduced fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials into the civil and architectural engineering field. This study presents the considerably enhanced strength characteristics of the mortal beams by being reinforced with epoxy-bonded carbon fiber sheets(CFS). Three point bending and Charpy impact tests were performed on both of bare and reinforced mortar specimens. The influences of length, and the number of reinforcing plies were investigated. Strength reduction due to pre-existent notch was lessened dramatically. The acoustic emission(AE) measurement revealed the progressive damage process in reinforced specimens.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.231-242
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• 2008

This paper presents results of fire tests on corrugated sheets used as load bearing structure of roofs of industrial buildings. Additional tests of bolted sheet connections to the supporting structure at ambient and elevated temperatures are described. Three connection types were tested and their resistance, stiffness and deformation capacity was evaluated. Finite element simulations of the corrugated sheet based on the experimental observations are briefly described and design models are presented.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.107-128
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• 2018

Thermo-mechanical vibration of sandwich beams with a stiff core and face sheets made of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) is investigated within the framework of Timoshenko beam theory. The material properties of FG-CNTRC are supposed to vary continuously in the thickness direction and are estimated through the rule of mixture and are considered to be temperature dependent. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived by using Hamilton's principle and are solved using an efficient semi-analytical technique of the differential transform method (DTM). Comparison between the results of the present work and those available in literature shows the accuracy of this method. A parametric study is conducted to study the effects of carbon nanotube volume fraction, slenderness ratio, core-to-face sheet thickness ratio, and various boundary conditions on free vibration behavior of sandwich beams with FG-CNTRC face sheets. It is explicitly shown that the vibration characteristics of the curved nanosize beams are significantly influenced by the surface density effects.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.327-335
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• 2017

To gain more knowledge of aluminum foam sandwich structure and promote the engineering application, aluminum foam sandwich consisting of 7050 matrix aluminum foam core and 304 stainless steel face-sheets was studied under three-point bending by WDW-T100 electronic universal tensile testing machine in this work. Results showed that when aluminum foam core was reinforced by 304 steel face-sheets, its load carrying capacity improved dramatically. The maximum load of AFS in three-point bending increased with the foam core density or face-sheet thickness monotonically. And also when foam core was reinforced by 304 steel panels, the energy absorption ability of foam came into play effectively. There was a clear plastic platform in the load-displacement curve of AFS in three-point bending. No crack of 304 steel happened in the present tests. Two collapse modes appeared, mode A comprised plastic hinge formation at the mid-span of the sandwich beam, with shear yielding of the core. Mode B consisted of plastic hinge formation both at mid-span and at the outer supports.